Table 4.
Studies regarding periodontal disease in patients with NAFLD.
| Ref. No. | Study Country Year Sample Size |
Parameters Evaluated for the Diagnosis of NAFLD | Parameters Evaluated for the Diagnosis of Periodontitis | Major Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [8] | Yoneda et al. Japan 2012 n = 150 |
Liver biopsy | Detection of P. gingivalis in saliva by PCR | The detection of P. gingivalis was higher in NAFLD patients compared to non-NAFLD control subjects (46.7% vs. 21.7%, OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.58–6.33). Serum AST and ALT levels of 10 patients with NAFLD were significantly decreased after receiving periodontal treatment for 3 months. |
| [9] | Komazaki et al. Japan 2017 n = 52 |
Total fat area, visceral fat area and the liver/spleen ratio evaluated by abdominal computed tomography, fasting blood insulin level, HOMA-IR, Serum AST, ALT, and γ-GTP | Serum antibody titers against A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis | Anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans antibody titers and anti-F. Nucleatum antibody titers were slightly associated with fat area. Anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans antibody titers showed a positive correlation with fasting plasma insulin, the homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance, and AST, and a negative correlation with the liver/spleen ratio. |
| [42] | Alazawi et al. UK 2017 n = 69 |
Ultrasonography | PD, CAL | An association among periodontitis and the severity of NAFLD (NASH vs. NAFL) and the presence of diabetes was reported. |
| [54] | Nakahara et al. Japan 2018 n = 200 |
Liver biopsy | Serum antibody titers against P. gingivalis | A significant monotonic trend between the fibrosis stage and antibody titers against P. gingivalis fim A type 1 and 4 was observed. An association between antibody titers against P. gingivalis fim A type 4 and advanced fibrosis was reported (OR = 2.081, 95% CI = 1.098–3.943). |
| [55] | Furusho et al. Japan 2013 n = 40 |
Liver biopsy | Detection of P. gingivalis by immunohistochemistry in hepatocytes | P. gingivalis-positive patients showed progression of hepatic fibrosis compared to patients without P. gingivalis. |
NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, HOMA-IR: the homeostatis model of assessment of insulin resistance, AST: Aspartate transaminase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, GTP: glutamyl transpeptidase.