Table 3.
Detailed information and characteristics of balneotherapy.
| Studies | Intervention | Duration (min) | Sessions (w) | Temperature (°C) | Ingredients | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BT | con | |||||
| Fioravanti et al., 2018 [32] | Vetriolo’s water | Tap water | 15 | 2 | 36 | Highly mineralized, pH 5.7, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, and iron |
| Fernández et al., 2019 [33] | Bicarbonate sodium water | Pharmacological | 30 | 2 | 38 | Medium mineralization, alkaline, lithic, fluorinated, silicated |
| Dönmez et al., 2005 [26] | Thermal water | Pharmacological | 20 | 2 | 36 ± 1 | Sodium, chlorine, bicarbonate and fluoride |
| Özkurt et al., 2012 [30] | Thermal baths | Pharmacological | 20 | 2 | 36 ± 1 | Sodium, chloride, and calcium with a total mineralization of 3367 mg/L |
| Zijlstra et al., 2005 [34] | Seawater | NA | NA | 21/2 | NA | NA |
| Bağdatlı et al., 2015 [29] | Pool baths and mud pack | Exercise, education, and pharmacological | 20 | 2 | 38 | NA |
| Evcik et al., 2002 [25] | Thermal baths | Pharmacological and exercise | 20 | 3 | 36 | NA |
| Ardıç et al., 2007 [27] | Thermal pool water | Exercise or walking | 20 | 3 | 36 | NA |
| Yurtkuran et al., 1996 [8] | Therapeutic pool | Relaxation exercises | 20 | 2 | 37 | HCO3−, Cl−, F−, SO4−2, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, Li+1 |
| Fioravanti et al., 2007 [31] | Mud packs and thermal baths | Pharmacological | 15 | 2 | 37–38 | NA |
| Koçyiğit et al., 2016 [28] | Thermomineral water | Education | 20 | 4 | 34.8 | Na, K, Mg, Ca, F, CI, Bromur, I, NO2, NO3, SO4, HCO3, S, HPO4 |
BT, balneotherapy; con, control; w, week; NA, not available.