Table 1.

UVR-related risk factors associated with UM in the Northern Hemisphere and in Australia.

Risk Factor Relating to UVR Susceptibility	Risk for UM Incidence	Reference
Light (blonde or red) hair colour	-	[30]
	- to +	[31]
	+	[32]
	-	[33]
	-	[34]
Light (Green/gray/hazel/blue) eye colour	+	[30]
	- to ++	[31]
	+ to ++	[32]
	+ to ++	[35]
	- to +	[33]
	++	[34]
Light skin colour	++	[32]
	+ to ++	[31]
	- to +	[33]
	+ to ++	[34]
Burns easily (with little to no tanning)	++	[30]
	+	[32]
	- to +	[33]
	- to +	[34]
≥1 welding burn, sunburn to eye, or snow blindness	++	[30]
	-	[32]
≥5 eye burns	++	[32]
Freckles	-	[30]
	+	[36]
	- to +	[33]
	+	[34]
Takes outdoor sunny vacations	-	[30]
	++	[36]
Leisure time spent mostly outdoors	-	[30]
	+	[36]
	- to +	[37]
High cumulative occupational sun exposure	++	[37]
Large nevi ≥ 1	+	[30]
	+ to ++	[34]
High cumulative exposure to artificial UVR	++	[30]
	++	[32]
	++	[36]
	+ to ++	[31]
	+ to ++	[38]
High cumulative exposure to solar UVR	+	[32]
	+ to ++	[37]
Freckling in childhood	+ to ++	[31]
	- to + 1	[33]
	+	[34]
First use of sunlamp (artificial UVR) at <20 years old	++	[31]
Personal history of CM	++	[33]
Family history of UM	++	[33]
Ancestry from more northern latitudes (Northern Hemisphere)	++	[39]
Southern residence below latitude 40° N for >5 years (Northern Hemisphere)	++	[39]
Northern residence above latitude 36° S (Southern Hemisphere)	-	[37]
Northern residence above latitude 30° S for most of life (Southern Hemisphere)	- to ++ 2	[33]
Wearing sunglasses more than half to all the time	-	[33]
Wearing prescription glasses or contact lenses	-	[30]
	-	[33]

White boxes represent risk determined from studies of Northern Hemisphere populations and grey boxes represents findings from Australian data. RR, Risk Ratio; OR, Odds Ratio. -, No risk (RR or OR ≤ 1); +, Mild risk (RR or OR > 1 to <1.5); ++ Major risk (RR or OR ≥ 1.5). ¹ + with 1–100 freckles but-with >100 freckles. ² ++ at 20–30° S but-at ≤20° S.