Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the entire study population.
| Characteristic | Total Population (n = 105) |
CRSWD Group (n = 19) |
Non-CRSWD Group (n = 86) | p 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) at time of investigation, mean (SD) | 47.5 (12.6) | 41.2 (13.2) | 48.9 (12.0) | 0.009 |
| Female, n | 60 (57.1%) | 12 (63.2%) | 48 (55.8%) | 0.558 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.2 (4.2) | 26.6 (4.5) | 23.7 (4.0) | 0.009 |
| Length (years) of disease morbidity, mean (SD) | 18.8 (10.9) | 15.9 (9.2) | 19.5 (11.2) | 0.172 |
| Habitual alcohol ingestion, n | 17 (16.2%) | 3 (15.8%) | 14 (16.3%) | 0.958 |
| Habitual smoking, n | 16 (15.2%) | 2 (10.5%) | 14 (16.3%) | 0.528 |
| Work or rehabilitation engagement | ||||
| Employment or regular participation in outpatient rehabilitation programs, n | 38 (36.2%) | 3 (15.8%) | 35 (40.7%) | 0.041 |
| Working > 15 h per week, n | 17 (16.2%) | 1 (5.3%) | 16 (18.6%) | 0.153 |
| Working > 30 h per week, n | 10 (9.5%) | 1 (5.3%) | 9 (10.5%) | 0.485 |
| Concomitant medications | ||||
| Mood stabilizers, 2 n | 24 (22.9%) | 7 (36.8%) | 17 (19.8%) | 0.109 |
| Ramelteon, n | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (5.3%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.237 |
| Suvorexant, n | 9 (8.6%) | 4 (21.4%) | 5 (5.8%) | 0.032 |
| BZRAs, n | 65 (61.9%) | 13 (68.4%) | 52 (60.5%) | 0.518 |
| Dose (mg) of antipsychotics, 3 mean (SD) | 532.7 (410.0) | 453.2 (241.0) | 550.3 (437.7) | 0.851 |
| Dose (mg) of BZRAs, 4 mean (SD) | 8.5 (10.5) | 8.1 (10.2) | 8.5 (10.6) | 0.979 |
| ISI score (points), mean (SD) | 7.4 (5.9) | 11.8 (5.8) | 6.4 (5.6) | <0.001 * |
| MEQ score (points), mean (SD) | 53.9 (9.8) | 46.0 (11.6) | 55.6 (8.5) | <0.001 * |
1 Chi-square test (categorical variables) or Mann–Whitney U test (continuous variables). 2 Including lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine. 3 Chlorpromazine equivalent. 4 Diazepam equivalent. * p values significant following FDR corrections; CRSWD, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder; SD, standard deviation; BZRA, benzodiazepine receptor agonist; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; MEQ, Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire; FDR, False Discovery Rate.