Table 2.

Functions of GSLs in mammalian immune cells.

GSL	Target or Expressing Cells	Function	Ref.
αGalCer	NKT cells	Stimulate cytokine production	[37]
VIM-2/sLeX-terminated GSLs	Human neutrophils, other lymphocytes	Recruitment of lymphocytes to sites of injury	[32,38]
CD77/Gb3Cer	B cells	Regulate apoptosis	[16]
LacCer	Neutrophils	Regulate signal transduction	[39]
Gangliosides	T cells	Regulate T-cell maturation	[40]
Gb4Cer, GM3	ECs, adipocytes, monocytes/macrophages	Regulate TLR4 signaling	[41,42,43]
Gb4Cer	ECs	Induction of anti-Gb4Cer/Gb3Cer antibody production	[9]

Well-characterized GSL functions in mammalian immune cells are shown. Abbreviations: ECs, vascular endothelial cells; NKT, natural killer T; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4.