Cerebral distribution of rasagiline after intranasal administration of: drug solution (a), rasagiline-loaded Carbopol-based hydrogel (b) and rasagiline-loaded chitosan-based hydrogel (c) in rat. *** Indicates extremely significant difference in the compared values at p < 0.01 (A). Pharmacokinetic parameters of rasagiline for the oral solution and the intranasal carbopol- or chitosan-based in situ gel after administration in rats. Cmax: maximum plasm drug concentration, Tmax time at which Cmax is reached, Ke: elimination rate costant, T1/2: time at which plasmatic drug concentration is decreased by 50%, MRS: Mean residence time and AUC(0–∞): area under the curve. * Indicates that the values are significantly different from oral solution at p < 0.05 calculated using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. (B). Adapted with permission form Taylor and Francis [93].