Figure 1.

Succinate transport and accumulation. Expression of dicarboxylate transporters and succinate uptake in RWPE-1 and LNCaP cells incubated for 6 h (A–C) or up to 24 h (D) with 5 mM succinate or vehicle as controls. (A) SLC13A3 (NaDC3) and SLC13A5 (NaCT) expression. Left, representative western blot image; right, quantification of protein band intensities relative to total protein content within each extract of RWPE-1 and LNCaP cells (N = 4). (B) Succinate uptake (% of total fractional enrichment) analyzed by target metabolomics. Cells were incubated for 6 h with 5 mM succinic acid-¹³C₄ or the same volume of vehicle as control (N = 1; n = 4) (C) Transient intracellular succinate accumulation measured by untargeted LC-MS as succinate ion intensity (N ≥ 2; n = 4). (D) Intracellular succinate concentration [mM] in LNCaP cells. (N = 1; n = 4). Median and IQR. Unpaired t-tests comparing +/- succinate in each condition (A,B) one or two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests (C,D). * p = 0.05; ** p < 0.001; *** p < 0.0001.