Table 2.
The methodological details of the included studies in which Cu was used as the antibacterial agent.
| PEO Processing Parameters | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substrate | # of Exp Groups with Cu | Electrolyte | Voltage (V) | Current Density (A/dm2) | Time (min) | Surface Topography | Phase Composition |
Surface Content of Cu |
Cumulative Cu Ion Release (ppb) |
Ref. |
| CP-Ti | 1 | 0.1 M CA, 0.05 M GP, and 0.05 M Cu(OAc)2 | - | 16.5 | 4 | Micro-porous or crater structures (3–5 µm) with nano-grains of 30–50 nm | Ti and anatase | 1.4 ± 0.08 wt% | - | [36] |
| CP-Ti, Ti-40Nb | 2 | H3PO4, 50–75 g/L CaCO3, 40–60 g/L Cu-substituted HA | 200–450 | - | 5–10 | Uniformly distributed β-TCP particles over a porous coating surface with 0–8 µm pore sizes. |
Anatase, β-TCP, α-TCP, Ca2P2O7 | 0.1 at% 0.2 at% |
- | [52] |
| CP-Ti | 1 | 0.02 M C12H22CaO14, 0.01 M (NaPO3)6, 0.02 M C12H22CuO14 |
NR | NR | 6 | Porous surface with irregularly shaped and sized pores | - | - | - | [67] |
| CP-Ti | 2 | 0.1 M CA, 0.06 M NaH2P, 5–10 g/L Na2Cu-EDTA | - | 10 | 10 | Highly porous area with micro-sized pores and a rough less porous area | - | 2.3 wt% 4.2 wt% |
3.3/cm2—day 8 8.1/cm2— day 8 |
[68] |
| CP-Ti | 3 | H3PO4, 300–600 g/L Cu(NO3)2∙H2O | 450 | - | 5 | With increasing Cu-salt levels sharpening of pores | Ti, anatase | 0.54 at% 0.55 at% 0.72 at% |
- | [69] |
| Ti6Al4V | 2 | 11 g/L KOH, 10 g/L EDTA-CuNa2, 5 or 15 g/L phytic acid | - | 10 | 3 | Uniformly distributed three-dimensional porous structure | Anatase, rutile, and TiP2O7 | 1.01 wt% 1.92 wt% |
192—day 8 197—day 8 |
[70] |
| CP-Ti | 1 | 0.2 M CA monohydrate, 0.02 M NaH2PO4, 0.01 M CuA monohydrate | - | 3.25 | 5 | Volcanic uniform porous morphology with 1–5 µm pores | Ti, rutile, anatase, Ca3(PO4)2 | 5.05 at% | 32.8—day 14 | [71] |
| CP-Ti | 4 | 0.2 M CA, 0.02 M β-GP, and (0.00125, 0.0025, 0.00375, and 0.005) M Cu(OAc)2 | 450 | - | 1.5 | Micro-porous structures (1–4 µm) |
Ti, anatase, and rutile | 0.67 wt% 1.17 wt% 1.51 wt% 1.93 wt% |
6.75—day 21 - - 60.2—day 21 |
[72] |
| CP-Ti | 2 | 0.1 M Na2, 0.25 M NaOH, 0.1 M CA, 0.02 M Na2SiO3, and (0.0002 and 0.002) M CuSO4 | 250 | - | 5 | Macro-pores or crater structures (>100 µm) with nano-grains | - | - | 411.3—day 2 27.0—day 2 |
[73] |
| CP-Ti | 1 | 15 g/L NaH2PO4, 2 g/L NaOH, and 3.0 g/L Cu NPs | - | 20 | 5 | Porous structures (<5 µm) with Cu NPs of <60 nm | Ti, anatase, and rutile | - | - | [74] |
| CP-Ti | 2 | 15 g∙L-1 NaH2PO4, 2 g/L NaOH, and (0.3 and 3.0) g/L Cu NPs | 470 ± 3 465 ± 3 |
20 | 5 | Micro-porous structures (1–5 µm) |
Ti, anatase | 1.30 at% 2.76 at% |
0.117—day 1 0.135—day 1 |
[75] |
| Ti6Al4V | 3 | Phosphate electrolyte with (2,6 and 10) g/L Cu2O NPs | 450 | - | 15 | Micro-porous structures (<30 µm) with Cu2O NPs of 20–30 nm | Ti, anatase, rutile, Cu, Cu2O, and CuO | 16.0 wt% 23.2 wt% 24.5 wt% |
- | [76] |
| CP-Ti | 1 | 0.002 M CA, 0.02 M β-GP, and 0.0013 M Cu(OAc)2 | 480 | - | 2 | Micro-porous structures (1–4 µm) |
Ti, anatase, and rutile | 0.77 wt% | 4.5—day 7 | [77] |
| Ti6Al4V | 1 | 50 g/L Na2SiO3 and 4 g/L Cu2O NPs | 350 | - | 15 | Porous structures (<3 µm) with Cu2O NPs of 20–50 nm | Ti, anatase, rutile, Cu, Cu2O, and CuO | 27.27 wt% | - | [78] |
CA: calcium acetate, Ca-GP: calcium glycerophosphate, CuA: copper acetate, GP: glycerophosphate, HA: hydroxyapatite, KOH: potassium hydroxide, NPs: nanoparticles, NR: not reported, TCP: tricalcium phosphate.