Table 3.
The methodological details of the included studies in which Zn was used as the antibacterial agent.
| PEO Processing Parameters | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substrate | # of Exp Groups with Zn | Electrolyte | Voltage (V) | Current Density (A/dm2) | Time (min) | Surface Topography |
Phase Composition |
Surface Content of Zn | Cumulative Zn Ion Release (ppb) |
Ref. |
| CP-Ti | 3 | 20 g/L Na3PO4, 4 g/L NaOH, and (5, 10, and 15) g/L NPs | 301 304 310 |
1000 | 7 | Porous structures with ZnO NPs of 25 nm (<1.51–0.98 µm) |
Ti, anatase, and rutile | 20 wt% 25 wt% 35 wt% |
- | [37] |
| CP-Ti, Ti-40Nb | 2 | H3PO4, 50–75 g/L CaCO3, 40–60 g/L Zn-substituted HA | 200–450 | - | 5–10 | Uniformly distributed β-TCP particles over a porous coating surface with 0–8 µm pore sizes |
Anatase, β-TCP, α-TCP, Ca2P2O7 | 0.28 at% 0.4 at% |
- | [52] |
| Ti6Al4V | 1 | 50 g/L Na2SiO3 and 4 g/L ZnO NPs | 350 | - | 15 | Porous structures (<3 µm) with ZnO NPs of 20–50 nm | Ti, anatase, rutile, and ZnO | 35.54 wt% | - | [78] |
| CP-Ti | 2 | 0.1 M CA, 0.06 M NaH2P, 0.02 M Na2Zn-EDTA, or 0.02 M ZnO NPs | - | 10 | 10 | Porous surface at micrometer scale | Anatase, rutile, ZnO | - | - | [79] |
| CP-Ti | 3 | 0.15 M CA, 0.1 M Ca-GP, 0.5–2.5 mM ZnCl2 |
- | 2.51 | 10 | Continuous porous surface with circular pores of 5.3 µm in size | α-Ti, anatase | 3.3 at% | 250—day 7 | [80] |
| CP-Ti | 1 | 15 g EDTA-2Na, 8.8 g Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O, 6.3 g Ca(H2PO4)·H2O, 7.1 g Na2SiO3·9H2O, 5 g NaOH, 6 mL H2O2, 8.5 g Zn(CH3COO)2 in 1 L |
350–500 | - | 7 | Porous and rough surface with 1–3 µm pore sizes increasing voltages resulting in decreasing pore density and increased pore sizes | Ti, anatase, rutile | 2 at% | 250—day 15 | [81] |
| CP-Ti | 1 | 0.15 M CA, 0.15 M Ca-GP, and 0.02 M ZnA | 350 | - | 1 | Porous structures with volcano-shaped structures | Ti, anatase, and rutile | 9.7 at% | 300—day 1 <1000—day 28 |
[82] |
| CP-Ti | 3 | 0.1 M CA, 0.05 GP, and (0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) M ZnA | - | 16.5 | 4 | Porous (<5 µm) with nano-grains of 20–100 nm | Ti, anatase, and rutile | 4.6 ± 0.7 wt% 7.1 ± 0.6 wt% 9.3 ± 0.8 wt% |
1180—day 14 2235—day 14 3620—day 14 |
[83] |
| CP-Ti | 1 | 0.02 M CA, 0.15 M Ca-GP, and 0.06 M ZnA | - | 30 | 5 | Porous structures (<5 µm) |
Ti, anatase, and rutile | 8.7 at% | - | [84] |
| CP-Ti | 3 | 0.1 M CA, 0.025 M Na5P3O10, and (0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) M ZnA | 380 | - | 20 | Micro-porous structures | - | 0.199 at% 0.574 at% 1.995 at% |
- | [85] |
| Ti-15Mo | 3 | 0.1 M Ca(H2PO2)2, 10 g/L ZnO, or 25 g/L Zn3(PO4)2 or 10 g/L Ca3(PO4)2 and 10 g/L Zn3(PO4)2 particles | 300 | 15 | 5 | Porous oxide layer with micropores | - | 1.5 at% 1.1 at% 0.2 at% |
115—week 16 64—week 16 60—week 16 |
[86] |
CA: calcium acetate, Ca-GP: calcium glycerophosphate, GP: glycerophosphate, HA: hydroxyapatite, KOH: potassium hydroxide, NPs: nanoparticles, NR: not reported, TCP: tricalcium phosphate, ZnA: zinc acetate.