Fig. 2.

Isolation of nasal mucosal tissue. (A) Using nasal endoscopy, the nasal cavity was observed first, and no pre-existing nasal disease was confirmed. (B) The inferior nasal concha mucosa was appropriately excised based on nasal endoscopy. (C) Approximately 10-mm (i.d.) tissue of nasal mucosa was harvested. Bars indicate 10 mm. (D) Hemostasis was confirmed and no re-bleeding was found in the excised parts of all four volunteer donors. (E) The harvested nasal mucosa was moved to the CPF, and all procedures to prepare human nasal mucosal epithelial cells and fabricate cell sheets were performed under asepsis in the CPF.