Fig. 1.

Up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in the aging kidney. a–d mRNA expression of chemokines (a) cytokines (b) pro-angiogenic factors (c) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (d) by young or aged kidneys relative to house-keeping gene (n = 11–12 mice per group). e–g mRNA expression of chemokines (e), pro- (f) and anti- (g) inflammatory cytokines by adherent cells of enzymatic digested young or aged kidneys, relative to house-keeping gene, with or without LPS stimulation for 4 h (n = 15–14 mice per group). *P < 0.05 **P < 0.01 ***P < 0.001 ****P < 0.0001, ns, not significant, Mann–Whitney t test