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. 2021 Apr 7;14:2379–2395. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S297140

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© 2021 Li et al.

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The effects of circRNAs on the Warburg effect-associated signaling pathways. This figure indicates the effects of circRNAs on the Warburg effect-associated signaling pathways. It shows how circRNAs interact with these metabolic pathways by enzymes and transporters associated with the Warburg effect. The majority of circRNAs can antagonize microRNAs to indirectly produce effects. HIF1-α regulates GLUT, HK2, PDK, LDHA. The PI3K/Akt pathway promotes glucose GLUT, HK2, PFK2, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), and PDK. The change of RAS pathway up-regulated HK2. P53 up-regulated GLUT, HK2. The STAT3 pathway promotes HK2. Wnt/β-catenin pathway up-regulates PDK transcription while promoting c-myc. The positive relationships are shown by arrows, and the negative relationships are shown by short dashes.

Abbreviations: GLUT, glutamate dehydrogenase; HK2, hexokinase 2; GPI, glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol; PFK1, phosphate fructose kinase 1; ALDA, aldolase A; TPI, triosephosphate isomerase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase; PGK1, phosphoglycerate kinase 1; PGM, phosphoglucomutase; ENO1, enolase 1; PKM2, pyruvate kinase isozymes M2; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase.