Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Variable | All patients (n=839) |
No events (n=615) |
Survived with MACE* (n=72) |
Died (n=152) |
P value |
| Age (year) median (Q1–Q3) | 67 (54–81) | 60 (50–75) | 80 (68–86) | 84 (76–88) | <0.001 |
| Male | 453 (54) | 321 (52) | 36 (50) | 96 (63) | 0.04 |
| Symptoms at admission | |||||
| Fever | 610 (73) | 461 (75) | 46 (64) | 103 (68) | 0.04 |
| Dyspnoea or oxygen desaturation | 566 (67) | 404 (66) | 46 (64) | 116 (76) | 0.03 |
| Cough | 519 (62) | 398 (65) | 42 (58) | 79 (52) | 0.01 |
| Asthenia | 279 (33) | 211 (34) | 23 (32) | 45 (30) | 0.53 |
| GI symptoms | 212 (25) | 183 (30) | 10 (14) | 19 (12) | <0.001 |
| Myalgia | 188 (22) | 167 (27) | 12 (16) | 9 (6) | <0.001 |
| Headache | 121 (14) | 113 (18) | 4 (6) | 4 (3) | <0.001 |
| Expectorations | 120 (14) | 97 (16) | 9 (12) | 14 (9) | 0.11 |
| Altered smell or taste sensation | 62 (7) | 56 (9) | 3 (4) | 3 (2) | 0.006 |
| Runny nose | 51 (6) | 46 (7) | 2 (3) | 3 (2) | 0.01 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||
| Hypertension | 392 (47) | 249 (40) | 48 (67) | 95 (62) | <0.001 |
| Obesity† | 206 (27) | 153 (28) | 17 (25) | 36 (24) | 0.62 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 205 (24) | 131 (21) | 27 (38) | 47 (31) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes (type I and II) | 169 (20) | 105 (17) | 17 (24) | 47 (31) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 37 (4) | 26 (4) | 5 (7) | 6 (4) | 0.53 |
| Physical inactivity | 22 (3) | 9 (1) | 2 (3) | 11 (7) | <0.001 |
| Stress | 6 (1) | 6 (1) | – | – | 0.77 |
| Familial history | 6 (1) | 4 (1) | 2 (3) | – | 0.11 |
| Familial hypercholesterolaemia | 5 (1) | 5 (1) | – | – | 0.74 |
| Medical history of CV disease | 277 (33) | 136 (22) | 40 (56) | 101 (66) | <0.001 |
| History of arrhythmia | 104 (12) | 47 (8) | 18 (25) | 39 (26) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 95 (91) | 44 (94) | 51 (89) | 51 (89) | |
| Atrial flutter | 7 (7) | 2 (4) | 5 (9) | 5 (9) | |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | |
| History of ACS | 89 (11) | 35 (6) | 15 (21) | 39 (26) | <0.001 |
| History of ischaemic stroke, including TIA | 75 (9) | 42 (7) | 11 (15) | 22 (14) | 0.002 |
| History of heart failure | 60 (7) | 13 (2) | 14 (19) | 33 (22) | <0.001 |
| History of peripheral artery diseases | 38 (5) | 10 (2) | 7 (10) | 21 (14) | <0.001 |
| History of CABG | 10 (1) | 3 (0) | 5 (7) | 2 (1) | <0.001 |
| History of stable angina | 8 (1) | 6 (1) | 2 (3) | – | 0.14 |
| History of haemorrhagic stroke | 5 (1) | 2 (0) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.15 |
| Other CV findings‡ | 115 (14) | 50 (8) | 11 (15) | 54 (36) | <0.001 |
| ECG at admission | 811 (97) | 592 (96) | 72 (100) | 147 (97) | 0.28 |
| Long QTc interval ≥500 ms | 13 (2) | 6 (1) | 3 (4) | 4 (3) | 0.05 |
| Chest CT scan | 165 (20) | 108 (18) | 15 (21) | 42 (28) | 0.02 |
| COVID-19 lung opacity/infiltration | 151 (18) | 100 (16) | 12 (16) | 39 (26) | 0.02 |
Data are n (%) or median (Q1–Q3). Except for age (Kruskal-Wallis test), all p values are according to χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test.
*Excluding cardiovascular death.
†Obesity defined as BMI≥30 kg/m2 (missing BMI: n=80).
‡Moderate to severe valvulopathy, pacemaker, defibrillator, valvular replacement, cardiac resynchronisation therapy device and heart transplantation.
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery by-pass graft; CV, cardiovascular; GI, gastrointestinal; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; TIA, transitory ischaemic attack.