Table 2.
Case series of MS, BSP, and OMD patients undergoing DBS.
| References | Type of patient | Number of patients | Site of stimulation | Therapeutic effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muta et al. (132) | MS | 1 | GPi | Improvement while remaining refractory to pharmacotherapy and bilateral thalamotomy |
| Foote et al. (126) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Improvement at 6-month follow up |
| Houser and Waltz (125) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Substantial improvement |
| Ostrem et al. (123) | MS | 6 | Gpi | Improvement of dystonia and slight worsening of motor function was reported in previously non-dystonic body regions in four patients |
| Hebb et al. (124) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Sustained relief of dystonia 1 year after cessation of DBS |
| Blomstedt et al. (121) | MS | 1 | Gpi | No improvement in axial symptoms but blepharospasm was abolished |
| Loher et al. (133) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Long-term symptomatic and functional improvement |
| Sensi et al. (134) | MS | 9 | Gpi | Significant improvement at 6 months and better outcome |
| Woehrle et al. (135) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Improvement |
| Inoue et al. (116) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Sustained long-term improvement (N80%) for 10 years |
| Ghang et al. (136) | MS | 11 | Gpi | Effective for intractable MS without significant side effects |
| Lyons et al. (137) | MS | 4 | Gpi | Effective for medically refractory MS |
| Markaki et al. (18) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Improvement by 70% in movement score and 93.33% in disability score |
| Romito et al. (138) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Progressive and sustained improvement of dystonia at 38-month follow-up |
| Sako et al. (119) | MS | 5 | Gpi | Significant improvement in movement and disability scales |
| Reese et al. (120) | MS | 12 | Gpi | Good effect persisting for up to 6 years |
| Tai et al. (139) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Good effect persisting for 36 months |
| Limotai et al. (140) | MS | 6 | Gpi | Low-frequency stimulation (100 Hz) was effective in two patients, with two patients experiencing a 20% benefit |
| Sobstyl et al. (141) | MS | 3 | Gpi | Burke-Fahn—Marsden dystonia rating scale total disability score was reduced by 34% and 47% at short- and long-term follow-ups, respectively |
| Bae et al. (142) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Excellent improvement in speech with no adverse events |
| Wang et al. (130) | MS | 4 | Gpi or STN | Significant improvement |
| Zhao et al. (143) | OMD | 1 | STN GPi |
STN-DBS seemed to induce dyskinesia, which made the patient felt uncomfortable although stimulation was slight. On the contrary, GPi-DBS stimulation relieved her discomfort. |
| Yamada et al. (144) | BSP | 9 | GPi | 15 months after the operation, his preoperative scores on the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (=8 points) decreased to 1 (87.5% improvement). The present study demonstrates the applicability of GPi-DBS for treating blepharospasm presenting as focal dystonia. |
| Santos et al. (145) | BSP | 1 | GPi | Blepharospasm improved |
| Sobstyl et al. (104) | MS | 6 | Gpi | Significant improvement |
| Luthra et al. (146) | BSP | 1 | Gp | This case illustrates successful treatment of blepharospasm with pallidal stimulation. |
| Zhan et al. (147) | MS | 15 | STN | Immediate improvement in symptoms after stimulation; four adverse events recorded in three patients, all of which were resolved without permanent sequelae |
| Horisawa et al. (129) | MS | 16 | Gpi | Significant improvement |
| Aires et al. (128) | MS | 2 | Gpi | Dystonia was improved by 68% in Patient 1 and by 96% in Patient 2, whereas disability was improved by 77%−92% at 24-month follow-up |
| Yao et al. (127) | MS | 15 | STN | MS patients (n = 14) showed improved BFMDRS score |
| Shu et al. (148) | MS | 1 | Gpi | Significant improvement in symptoms |
| Wang et al. (149) | MS | 20 | Gp or STN | Good outcome in nine patients and poor outcome in 11 patients |
| Tian et al. (150) | MS | 17 | Gpi or STN | Both the STN and Gpi could be effective targets of DBS for MS. |
| Hao et al. (151) | MS | 22 | GPi | Bilateral pallidal neurostimulation is a beneficial therapeutic option for refractory MS, which could improve the motor symptoms except for depression and sleep quality. |
| Ouyang et al. (152) | MS | 15 | STN | STN-DBS was not only able to improve patients' motor symptoms, but also their sleep status. |
DBS, deep brain stimulation; GPi, globus pallidus internal; STN, subthalamic nucleus; MS, Meige syndrome; BSP, Blepharospasm; OMD, oromandibular dystonia.