Figure 4.

DCA/ranolazine (Rano) increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in murine GBM cells. (A) Representative Luminex® histograms (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX, USA) show the ROS fluorescent intensity as ROS⁻ (M1; blue) and ROS⁺ (M2; red) in Gl261 and CT2A GBM lines. (B) Column graphs showing the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments as in (A). ^ap < 0.05 vs. Unt; ^bp < 0.05 vs. temozolomide (TMZ); ^cp < 0.05 vs. radiation therapy (RT); ^dp < 0.05 vs. DCA; ^ep < 0.05 vs. Rano; ^fp < 0.05 vs. TMZ/RT; and ^gp < 0.05 vs. All-combined treatments were determined by the two-way ANOVA test along with the Tukey's multiple comparison test.