Table 2.
Factors Independently Associated With Orthostatic Hypotension
| Reference Category (for categorical variables) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 1.01 (0.99-1.03) | 1.02 (0.99-1.04) | |
| Female sex | Male | 0.93 (0.69-1.25) | 0.94 (0.64-1.39) |
| Black race | Non-Black | 0.80 (0.59-1.09) | 0.72 (0.47-1.11) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | Non-Hispanic | 2.99 (2.12-4.19) | 1.32 (0.65-2.55) |
| Diabetes mellitus | Nondiabetic | 2.78 (2.02-3.89) | 1.93 (1.29-2.87) |
| Cardiovascular disease | No history of cardiovascular disease | 1.68 (1.25-2.27) | 1.38 (0.95-1.98) |
| Current smoker | Not current smoker | 1.08 (0.69-1.62) | 0.97 (0.56-1.61) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)a | 1.06 (1.03,1.09) | 1.04 (1.01-1.08) | |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 0.41 (0.31-0.55) | 0.71 (0.46-1.10) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 0.76 (0.70-0.83) | 0.89 (0.78-1.01) | |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 0.61 (0.46-0.82) | 0.94 (0.62-1.42) | |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 1.62 (1.32-1.97) | 1.05 (0.79-1.38) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.94 (0.92-0.96) | 0.92 (0.89-0.94) | |
| Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (μg/mg)b | 3.21 (2.21-4.62) | 1.57 (0.82-2.86) | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)c | 0.87 (0.83,0.92) | 0.99 (0.92-1.07) | |
| Ankle-brachial index (units) | 0.41 (0.20-0.87) | 0.70 (0.32-1.49) | |
| β-Blocker use | No β-blocker use | 1.70 (1.25-2.32) | 1.52 (1.06-2.19) |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB use | No ACE inhibitor or ARB use | 1.16 (0.84-1.63) | 1.26 (0.86-1.88) |
Note: eGFR calculated using Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study equation. For continuous variables, estimates per 1 unit change except for variables noted.
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
a
Total cholesterol per 10-mg/dL change.
b
Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio per doubling.
c
eGFR per 5-mL/min/1.73 m2 change.