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. 2021 Mar 29;12:645741. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645741

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Copyright © 2021 Yang, Kwon, Kim, Im and Lee

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Commensal microbiota promote PM-induced acute neutrophilic airway inflammation. B6 SPF and GF mice were intranasally administered with 250 μg of PM or PBS and analyzed at 12 hours after PM exposure. (A) Representative dot plots show neutrophils in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Numbers indicate absolute numbers of cells in adjacent gates. (B) Graph shows statistical analysis of absolute number of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages (AMs) in BALF. (C) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of lungs from SPF PBS, SPF PM, and GF PM mouse group (N = 3 ~ 5). Each dot represents an individual mouse and horizontal bars show mean values. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Unpaired two-tailed t-test was used. N.S, not significant; *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001. SPF, specific pathogen free; GF, germ-free; PM, particulate matter; AMs, alveolar macrophages.