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. 2021 Mar;10(3):1354–1364. doi: 10.21037/tau-19-725

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2021 Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Schematic representation of the Y chromosome. The human X and Y chromosomes share short homologous regions known as pseudoautosomal regions (PAR) 1 and 2, colored in dark blue. The male-specific region (MSY) spans the remainder of the chromosome and includes regions of euchromatin and genetically inert heterochromatin. Within the euchromatin exists testis-determining factor (SRY, light pink) and the azoospermia factor regions. AZFb and AZFc overlap by 1.5 Mb.