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. 2021 Mar;10(3):1410–1431. doi: 10.21037/tau-20-592

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2021 Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Vitamin A metabolic pathway. Beta-carotene mono-oxygenase 1 (BCMO1) converts circulating beta-carotene to retinal (aldehyde), the aldehyde form is then converted into retinoic acid. Retinoic acid induces STRA8 and REC8 expression, which aids in spermatogenesis.