| Retinoic Acid |
BCMO1: rs11645428 (11) |
Meiosis I/II and post meiotic spermatid development (12,13) |
| Vitamin B12
|
FUT2: rs602662 (14) |
Sperm count, quality and motility (15) |
| Vitamin C |
GSTT1: insertion or deletion (16) |
Semen volume, concentration, sperm count, morphology and motility (17) |
| Vitamin D |
CYP2R1: rs10741657 (18); GC: rs2282679 (18,19) |
Sperm motility and morphology (20); sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (21) |
| Vitamin E |
CYP4F2: rs2108622 (22); SCARB1: rs11057830 (22); APOA5: rs12272004 (22) |
Acrosome reaction (23); sperm morphology (24) |
| Folate |
MTHFR: rs1801133 (25) |
Sperm density and morphology (26) |
| Choline |
CHDH: rs12676 (27,28); PEMT: rs4646343 (29); PEMT: rs7946 (29) |
Sperm motility (27,28) |
| Betaine |
CHDH +432: rs12676 (30); PEMT -744: rs12325817 (30) |
Spermatogenesis (31) |
| Iron |
TMPRSS6: rs4820268 (32); TFR2: rs7385804 (33); HFE: rs1800562 (34); SLC17A1: rs17342717 (35); HFE: rs1799945 (34); TF: rs3811647 (34) |
Spermatogenesis (36); sperm volume, density, motility and morphology (37); excess leads to oxidative DNA damage (38) |
| Calcium |
GC: rs7041 (39); GC: rs4588 (39) |
Sperm maturation (40), motility (41), morphology (42), and overall function (43,44) |
