| Ratio of unsaturated to saturated fat |
TCFL2: rs7903146 (45,46) |
Improper ratio can lead to obesity, insulin resistance, negatively impacting semen quality (47,48) |
| Omega-3 |
NOS3: rs1799983 (49); FADS1: rs174547 (50); FADS2: rs2727270, rs498793 (51,52) |
Sperm motility; membrane fluidity; sperm concentration (53,54) |
| Saturated fat |
APOA2: rs5082 (55) |
Elevated BMI; sperm count, concentration, motility, morphology (56,57) |
| Sugar |
GLUT2: rs5400 (58) |
Sperm motility and count (59) |
| Fiber |
TCF7L2: rs12255372 (60) |
Low fiber diet can lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, negatively impacting spermatogenesis, sperm maturation (61) |
| Gluten |
HLA: rs2395182, rs7775228, rs2187668, rs4639334, rs7454108, rs4713586 (62) |
Androgen resistance (63); sperm morphology and motility (64) |
| Caffeine |
CYP1A2: rs7662551 (65) |
Sperm motility, count and morphology improved at low amounts (66); testosterone levels and sperm volume impaired on high amounts (67) |
