Table 4.

Significant effects on the cardiovascular system resulting from exposure to particle filtered diesel exhaust (fDE) or whole diesel exhaust (wDE) relative to filtered air exposure (arrows indicate direction of effect and statistical significance at α < 0.05; dashes indicate no statistically significant effect observed). NR = not reported; SH = spontaneously hypertensive; WKY = Wistar Kyoto; SHHF = spontaneously hypertensive heart failure; LV = left ventricular; QA, PR, QRS, QTc = electrocardiography metrics (see text for details).

Cardiovascular System
PM μg/m³		NO₂ (ppm)		Species	Sex	Duration	Effect	fDE	wDE	Author	Year
fDE	wDE	fDE	wDE	Species	Sex	Duration	Effect	fDE	wDE	Author	Year
7.2	320	3.44	0.69	Humans	Male	1 hr (alternating 15 min moderate exercise and rest)	Vasodilation	-	↓	Lucking et al.	2011
7.2	320	3.44	0.69	Humans	Male	1 hr (alternating 15 min moderate exercise and rest)	Thrombus formation	-	↑	Lucking et al.	2011
25	325	0.0001	0.0001	Humans (patients with heart failure, controls)	Mixed	21 min (15 min rest, 6 min moderate exercise)	6-min walking distance	↓	↓	Vieira et al.	2016
							Arterial stiffness	↓	↓
							Reactive hyperemia response (heart failure patients)	-	↓
							B-type natriuretic peptide (heart failure patients)	-	↑
0 (low, high)	153.4 (low), 512.4 (high)	NR	NR	SH rats	Male	4 hr	QRS duration (low)	-	↑	Hazari et al.	2011
							LF/LH ratio (high)	↑	-
							Dose aconitine necessary to trigger ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest (low)	↓	-
							Dose aconitine necessary to trigger ventricular tachycardia (low)	↓	↓
							Dose aconitine necessary to trigger ventricular fibrillation (high)	↓	-
NR	1900	NR	NR	Wistar-Kyoto rats	Male	5 hr/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks	Heart rate	↓	↓	Gordon et al.	2012
NR	1900	NR	NR	Wistar-Kyoto rats	Male	5 hr/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks	QA interval (4-w)	-	↑	Gordon et al.	2012
NR	1220 (2-d); 1494 (4-w)	1.0 (2-d); 0.8 (4-w)	0.9 (2-d); 0.7 (4-w)	Wistar-Kyoto rats; SH rats	Male	4 hr/day for 2 days; 4 hr/day, 5 day/week for 4 weeks	Changes in aortic gene expression	→	→	Kodavanti et al.	2013
27.5	109 (low), 304.8 (med), 1012.3 (high)	NR	NR	ApoE−/− mice	Male	6 hr/day for 50 days	Lipid-rich aortic regions	↓	↓	Campen et al.	2010
							Lipid peroxidases	↑	↑
							Changes in aortic gene expression	→	→
15 (low), 21 (high)	168 (low), 425 (high)	<0.5	<0.5	Wistar-Kyoto rats; SH rats	Male	4 hr	Heart rate (SH)	↓	-	Lamb et al.	2012
							Heart rate (WKY; high)	-	↓
							Change in ST amplitude (low)	↑	-
							PR interval (high)	↑	-
NR	2500	3	3	Wistar rats	Male	3 hr/day, 5 day/week for 3 weeks; 3 hours	LV systolic and diastolic diameters	↑	↑	Karoui et al.	2019
6 (low), 770 (high)	512 (low), 3634 (high)	NR	NR	ApoE−/− mice; C57BL/6J mice	Male	6 hr/day for 3 days	Heart rate (ApoE−/−)	↓	↓	Campen et al.	2005
6 (low), 770 (high)	512 (low), 3634 (high)	NR	NR	ApoE−/− mice; C57BL/6J mice	Male	6 hr/day for 3 days	T-wave area (high)	↓	↓	Campen et al.	2005
3	472	0.4	0.3	SHHF rats	Male	4 hr	Heart rate	↓	-	Carll et al.	2012
							PR interval	↑	-
							Blood pressure	↓	-
							QTc	↑	-