Table 5.

Significant effects on the immune system resulting from exposure to particle filtered diesel exhaust (fDE) or whole diesel exhaust (wDE) relative to filtered air exposure (arrows indicate direction of effect and statistical significance at α < 0.05; dashes indicate no statistically significant effect observed). NR = not reported; IgG = immunoglobulin G; IgE = immunoglobulin E.

Immune System
PM μg/m³		NO₂ (ppm)		Species	Sex	Duration	Allergen co-exposure	Effect	fDE	wDE	Author	Year
fDE	wDE	fDE	wDE	Species	Sex	Duration	Allergen co-exposure	Effect	fDE	wDE	Author	Year
18.9	292.2	0.15	0.052	Human	Male and female	2 hr	House dust mite; grass; birch	White blood cell count (24 h)	↑	↑	Wooding et al.	2019
								Neutrophil count (24 h)	-	↑
								Eosinophil count (48 h)	-	↑
40	1010	2.93	1.99	BABL/c mice	Male	12 hr/day for 5 weeks	Sugi basic protein (allergen of Japanese cedar pollen)	Chemokine production	↑	↑	Fujimaki et al.	2004
40	1010	NR	NR	C57BL/6 mice	Male	12 hr/day for 5 weeks	Sugi basic protein (allergen of Japanese cedar pollen)	T lymphocytes	↓	-	Fujimaki et al.	2005
								Chemokine production	↑	-
								IgG1 titers	↓	↓
								IgG2a titers	↑	↑
0	36 (low), 169 (high)	0.51	0.15 (low), 0.51 (high)	ICR mice	Female	5 hr day, 5 day/wk for 8 weeks	Ovalbumin	Ovalbumin-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation	↑	↑	Tanaka et al.	2013
								Cytokine and chemokine production	↑	↑
								Production/release of myeloperoxidase into alveolar space	↑	↑
NR	1730	NR	0.79	Fischer rats	Male (in utero exposure)	6 hr/day for 19 days during gestation	Crude Japanese cedar pollen	Serum testosterone	↑	↑	Watanabe & Ohsawa	2002
NR	1730	NR	0.79	Fischer rats	Male (in utero exposure)	6 hr/day for 19 days during gestation	Crude Japanese cedar pollen	IgE titers	↑	↑	Watanabe & Ohsawa	2002