Table 1.

Non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Type of biomarker	Examples
Proteins	AFP; DCP; GALAD score; HES algorithm; ASAP model
Metabolites	A panel based on phenylalanyl-tryptophan and glycocholate
Circulating cell-free DNAs	Somatic mutations; DNA methylation; 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
Circulating non-coding RNAs	Micro-RNAs (mirR-125b, miR-122, and miR-21); Circular RNAs; Long non-coding RNAs; Exosomal non-coding RNAs

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; DCP: Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; RNA: Ribonucleic acid.