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. 2021 Apr 15;12(4):366–382. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i4.366

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Epigenetic programming mechanisms and offspring gene targets. Gene targets with epigenetic modifications in the offspring of obese mothers are indicated. Gene targets indicated with a question mark have been evidenced by maternal nutritional manipulations other than maternal obesity. ZFP423: Zinc finger protein 423; SCD1: Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1; PPAPγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; GDF-3: Growth differentiation factor 3; RXR: Retinoid-X-receptor; IRS1: Insulin receptor substrate-1; HNF4α: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α; Igf2: Insulin-like growth factor-2.