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. 2021 Mar 11;17(4):1138–1152. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.57825

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Schematic illustration of the proposed molecular mechanism highlighting the role of betulinic acid in the pathophysiology of SCI and subsequent neurological recovery. Betulinic acid activates autophagy through AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway. Then enhanced autophagy and mitophagy to contribute to the elimination of damaged mitochondria and ROS by forming autolysosomes with lysosomes. Subsequently, pyroptosis are inhibited, which further results in the promotion of functional recovery after SCI.