Table 1.
Descriptive and Bivariate Results Showing the Differences of Demographic Socioeconomic Characteristics, Health Status, and Health Services between the Rural and Urban Long-Lived Populations.
| Variables | SABE-PB | SABE-SP | Pearson’s test |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total |
Total |
||||
| n | % | n | % | P-value | |
| Gender | .001 | ||||
| Women | 98 | 54.7 | 168 | 70.6 | |
| Men | 81 | 45.3 | 70 | 29.4 | |
| Age group | .15 | ||||
| 90+ | 38 | 21.2 | 65 | 27.3 | |
| 80-89 | 141 | 78.8 | 173 | 72.7 | |
| Marital status | <.001 | ||||
| No partner | 102 | 56.98 | 188 | 78.99 | |
| With partner | 77 | 43.02 | 50 | 21.01 | |
| Referred ethnicity | .25 | ||||
| White | 91 | 54.17 | 140 | 61.67 | |
| Non-white | 77 | 45.8 | 87 | 38.3 | |
| Literacy | <.001 | ||||
| No | 111 | 62 | 49 | 21.3 | |
| Yes | 68 | 38 | 181 | 78.7 | |
| Food insufficiency up to age 15 | <.001 | ||||
| Yes | 67 | 41.4 | 33 | 14.8 | |
| No | 95 | 58.6 | 190 | 85.2 | |
| Income | <.001 | ||||
| ≤1 minimum wage | 118 | 67 | 88 | 41.9 | |
| >1 minimum wage | 58 | 33 | 122 | 58.1 | |
| Income sufficiency | .06 | ||||
| No | 69 | 39 | 90 | 40 | |
| Yes | 108 | 61 | 135 | 60 | |
| Number of chronic diseases | <.001 | ||||
| One | 64 | 35.8 | 42 | 18.8 | |
| Two or more | 94 | 52.5 | 164 | 73.5 | |
| None | 21 | 11.7 | 17 | 7.6 | |
| Difficulty in access to health services | .002 | ||||
| Yes | 26 | 15.3 | 68 | 28.7 | |
| No | 144 | 84.7 | 169 | 71.3 | |
| Mammography at some point in life | <.001 | ||||
| No | 76 | 80 | 33 | 20.12 | |
| Yes | 19 | 20 | 131 | 70.88 | |
| Pap smear at some point in life | <.001 | ||||
| No | 65 | 71.4 | 26 | 15.85 | |
| Yes | 26 | 28.6 | 138 | 84.15 | |
| Hormone replacement at some point in life | .45 | ||||
| Yes | 10 | 12 | 24 | 15.69 | |
| No | 73 | 88 | 129 | 84.31 | |
| Prostate examination at some point in life | <.001 | ||||
| No | 34 | 42 | 9 | 13.23 | |
| Yes | 47 | 58 | 59 | 86.76 | |
| Influenza vaccine | .93 | ||||
| No | 22 | 12.6 | 29 | 12.29 | |
| Yes | 153 | 87.4 | 207 | 87.71 | |
| Vacina para pneumonia | <.001 | ||||
| No | 159 | 93 | 90 | 44.12 | |
| Yes | 12 | 7 | 114 | 55.88 | |
| Tetanus and diphtheria vaccine | <.001 | ||||
| No | 118 | 73.3 | 40 | 18.87 | |
| Yes | 43 | 26.7 | 172 | 81.13 | |
| Stroke | .33 | ||||
| Yes | 16 | 8.9 | 28 | 11.9 | |
| No | 163 | 91.1 | 207 | 88.1 | |
| Pain | <.001 | ||||
| Yes | 37 | 21.3 | 93 | 41.9 | |
| No | 137 | 78.7 | 129 | 58.1 | |
| Joint disease | .46 | ||||
| Yes | 108 | 60.3 | 134 | 56.8 | |
| No | 71 | 39.7 | 102 | 43.2 | |
| Osteoporosis | <.001 | ||||
| Yes | 24 | 13.5 | 66 | 28.7 | |
| No | 154 | 86.5 | 164 | 71.3 | |
| BMI | .01 | ||||
| Sub nutrition | 40 | 28.2 | 30 | 16.4 | |
| Overweight | 34 | 23.9 | 67 | 36.6 | |
| Normal weight | 68 | 47.9 | 86 | 47 | |
| Polypharmacy | <.001 | ||||
| Yes | 55 | 39.3 | 139 | 63.5 | |
| `No | 85 | 60.7 | 80 | 36.5 | |
| Difficulty in ADLs | .2 | ||||
| Yes | 80 | 46.8 | 126 | 53.2 | |
| No | 91 | 53.2 | 111 | 46.8 | |
| Difficulty in IADLs | .13 | ||||
| Yes | 123 | 68.7 | 146 | 61.6 | |
| No | 56 | 31.3 | 91 | 38.4 | |
Note. Data was collected in Brejo dos Santos, in the state of Paraíba, Brazil (SABE-PB) and in São Paulo, capital (SABE-SP) in 2017 and 2016, respectively.
SABE = health, well-being, and aging; BMI = body mass index; ADLs = activities of daily living; IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living.
Bold indicates P < .05.