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. 2021 Mar 15;17(5):1191–1202. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.57871

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The PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathway mediates self-renewal of LLC-SD cells in vitro. A. Cellular morphology of spheroid formation in LLC-SD cells treated with negative control DMSO and with specific inhibitors LY294002 and PD98059. B. RT‐qPCR analysis of mRNA expression of signaling molecules. C. Cellular morphology of single-cell cloning formation in LLC-SD cells treated with LY294002 and PD98059. D. Quantitative analysis of single‐cell cloning formation rate. E. Expression of Mek1, Mek2 and p110 in LLC-SD cells infected with shRNA to Mek1/2 and p110 by RT-qPCR. F-G. Analysis of spheroid formation rate (F) and single‐cell cloning formation rate (G) from shp110 and shMek1/2 cells. H. Morphological differences of single-cell cloning formation in shp110 and shMek1/2 cells. Scale bars, 120 μm.