Table 3.
SARS and MERS coronavirus vaccine patents.
| Author | Year | Country | Description | Vaccine development mechanism | Assay in vivo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu et al. [43] | 2005 | WO/US | DNA vaccine encoding N SARS-CoV-1 protein with antigen linked to CRT. | Nucleic Acid | Antibodies and cell mediated immune response in animals after vaccine administration. In vivo protection after challenge model |
| Zeng et al. [44] | 2005 | CN | Nucleic acid vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-1 based on DNA vaccine expressing the gene S of SARS-CoV-1. | Nucleic Acid | Specific immune antibodies response in rats after three-dose immunization protocol. |
| Shao et al. [45] | 2007 | WO/CN | Vaccine contains replication-type vaccinia virus as a vector encoding the NC protein and the protruding protein of SARS-CoV-1 as a DNA vaccine strategy. | Nucleic acid | Induction of the production of high levels of cellular and antibodies response after mice immunizations. |
| Weiner et al. [46] | 2015 | WO/US | MERS-S or MERS-S-ACD DNA vaccine based on Spike protein. | Nucleic Acid | CD8+ and CD4+ T cells responses with production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 in immunized mice. Neutralization activity of the produced antibodies. |
| Rauch [47] | 2018 | WO/DE | mRNA-based vaccine containing at least one spike (S), S1 spike (S1), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) of MERS-CoV. | Nucleic Acid | Induction of humoral immune responses after immunization. Evaluation of efficacy and safety has started clinical trial (phase 1). |
| Enjuanes and Almazan [48] | 2006 | WO/ES | Nucleic acid-containing vaccine encodes SARS-CoV replicase, and protein N, M, E, S. | Protein subunit | NA |
| Burt et al. [49] | 2007 | EP/US | Vaccine comprising immunogenic protein S and an adjuvant such as Protollin™ | Protein subunit | High IgG levels in intranasally immunized mice capable of eliciting a protective immune response. |
| Jiang et al. [50] | 2007 | EP/US | Vaccine comprising a RBD domain of spike protein fused to Fc region of mouse IgG1. | Protein subunit | High antibodies titers after subcutaneous or intradermal mice and rabbit immunization. The elicited immune response could neutralize the infection in cell culture |
| Baras et al. [51] | 2008 | WO/FR | Vaccine composed of immunogenic polypeptide of the SARS-CoV-1 protein S and adjuvants. | Protein subunit | Histopathology showed no specific lesion of alveolitis or pneumonia in the lungs of rats and hamsters vaccinated with vaccine and adjuvants. Induction of CD4 + T cell response and cytokine production in mice. Production of type Th1 (T helper 1) cytokines. |
| Tan et al. [52] | 2014 | CN | Synthetic peptide vaccine for MERS-CoV based on Spike protein parts (SP2, SP3 and RBD). | Protein subunit | Immunized animals produced high levels of antibody-specific titers. Neutralization capacity of immune serum SP3 (MERS) and protein SBD (SARS). |
| Huang et al. [53] | 2005 | CN | Adenovirus defective vector SARS-CoV-1 vaccine. | Viral vector | Specific immune antibodies response in rats after three-dose immunization protocol. |
| Zhou and Dong [54] | 2005 | WO/CN | Vaccine containing the recombinant adenovirus vector that expresses protein S, M and E | Viral vector | Humoral immune response in the mice after fourth week of vaccination protocol. |
| Sutter et al. [55] | 2016 | WO/DE | Modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA), PmH5; MVA-MERS-S: recombinant MVA virus that expresses MERS-CoV S and N protein. | Viral Vector | Increased immunogenicity in BALB/c mice when compared to control (saline) |
| Zhang et al. [56] | 2019 | CN | MERS-CoV vaccine based on type 68 chimpanzee adenovirus and MERS-CoV S membrane protein | Viral vector | Antibodies specific titers after nasal or intramuscular injection. Neutralization of infection in cell cultures. |
Abbreviations: ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2; CRT: calreticulin; EP: European Patent Office; ID: intradermal; MVA: Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) NA: Not Applicable; NSP1: Nonstructural protein 1; PFU: Plaque forming units; SC: subcutaneous; RBD: Receptor-binding domain; WO: World Intellectual Property Organization. Countries: CN: China; DE: Germany; ES: Spain; FR: France; JP: Japan; KR: Republic of Korea; TW: Taiwan; US: United States of America.