Table 2.
Non-O Blood Groups, SARS-CoV-2 Infection, and Their Combination, and Future Risk of Pulmonary Embolism or Deep Vein Thrombosis.
| Outcome | Exposure | No. (incidence rate per 1000 person-years, 95% CI) | Hazard ratio for VTE (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||
| All patients: t0 set at ABO test date (N = 222,670) | Pulmonary embolism | O blood (N = 98,664) | 1213 (3.2, 3.0 to 3.4) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Non-O blood (N = 124,006) | 1774 (3.7, 3.5 to 3.9) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.25) | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.23)* | ||
| Deep vein thrombosis | O blood (N = 98,664) | 1814 (4.8, 4.6 to 5.0) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |
| Non-O blood (N = 124,006) | 2605 (5.5, 5.2 to 5.7) | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.21) | 1.12 (1.05 to 1.19)* | ||
| All patients: t0 set at SARS-CoV-2 test date (N = 222,670) | Pulmonary embolism | SARS-CoV-2 -VE (N = 215,679) | 633 (14.8, 13.6 to 15.9) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| SARS-CoV-2 +VE (N = 6991) | 33 (21.3, 14.1 to 28.6) | 1.55 (1.10 to 2.21) | 1.64 (1.15 to 2.33)† | ||
| Deep vein thrombosis | SARS-CoV-2 -VE (N = 215,679) | 658 (15.3, 14.2 to 16.5) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 +VE (N = 6991) | 16 (10.3, 5.3 to 15.4) | 0.71 (0.43 to 1.16) | 0.74 (0.45 to 1.22)† | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 ---VE: t0 set at SARS-CoV-2 test date (N = 215,679) | Pulmonary embolism | O blood (N = 95,813) | 234 (12.3, 10.7 to 13.8) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Non-O blood (N = 119,866) | 399 (16.8, 15.1 to 18.4) | 1.36 (1.16 to 1.60) | 1.33 (1.13 to 1.56)† | ||
| Deep vein thrombosis | O blood (N = 95,813) | 290 (15.2, 13.5 to 17.0) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |
| Non-O blood (N = 119,866) | 368 (15.5, 13.9 to 17.0) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.18) | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.14)† | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 +VE: t0 set at SARS-CoV-2 test date (N = 6991) | Pulmonary embolism | O blood (N = 2851) | 12 (19.2, 8.3 to 30.1) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Non-O blood (N = 4140) | 21 (22.8, 13.0 to 32.6) | 1.20 (0.59 to 2.43) | 1.14 (0.56 to 2.31)† | ||
| Deep vein thrombosis | O blood (N = 2851) | 9 (14.4, 5.0 to 23.8) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |
| Non-O blood (N = 4140) | 7 (7.6, 2.0 to 13.2) | 0.53 (0.20 to 1.42) | 0.48 (0.18 to 1.30)† | ||
Abbreviations: t0, time zero for starting follow-up; VTE, venous thromboembolism; -VE, negative SARS-CoV-2 test; +VE, positive SARS-CoV-2 test.
Shown are results for all 222,670 patients, with time zero (t0) first set to the date of ABO testing (top blue), and then t0 re-set to the date of SARS-CoV-2 testing, presented by SARS-CoV-2 infection (upper middle red), and then by non-O vs. O blood groups further stratified by SARS-CoV-2 negative (lower middle maroon) or SARS-CoV-2 positive (lower green) status.
*Adjusted for age and sex at the ABO specimen date, and a history of venous thromboembolism, malignancy, cardiac ischemia or arrhythmia, or chronic kidney disease diagnosed – each within 5 years before the ABO specimen collection date; as well as a history of diabetes mellitus or congestive heart failure – each diagnosed any time before the ABO specimen collection date. Note: In this model, censoring on death began on the date that the patient underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing.
† Adjusted for age and sex at the SARS-CoV-2 specimen date, and a history of venous thromboembolism, malignancy, cardiac ischemia or arrhythmia, or chronic kidney disease diagnosed – each within 5 years before the SARS-CoV-2 specimen collection date; as well as a history of diabetes mellitus or congestive heart failure – each diagnosed any time before the SARS-CoV-2 specimen collection date.