Table 4.
Pregnancy intentions and outcomes by racial and ethnic identities, among an online sample of transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people assigned female or intersex at birth in the United States (n = 1,694).
| Overall (n = 1694) |
American Indian & Alaska Native (n = 42) |
Asian (n = 77) |
Black or African American (n = 67) |
Hispanic or Latinx (n = 101) |
Middle Eastern or North African (n = 24) |
Native Hawaiian & other Pacific Islander (n = 5) |
White (n = 1472) |
Multiple racial identities (n = 202) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Ever use of testosterone | 469 | 28 | 14 | 33 | 15 | 19 | 18 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 6 | 25 | 1 | 20 | 421 | 29 | 58 | 29 |
| Ever pregnant | 210 | 12 | 9 | 21 | 12 | 19 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 5 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 190 | 13 | 34 | 17 |
| Pregnancies per respondent | ||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1455 | -- | 33 | -- | 65 | -- | 59 | -- | 88 | -- | 19 | -- | 5 | -- | 1280 | -- | 168 | -- |
| 1 | 115 | -- | 2 | -- | 9 | -- | 8 | -- | 7 | -- | 4 | -- | 0 | -- | 102 | -- | 19 | -- |
| 2 | 47 | -- | 3 | -- | 2 | -- | 0 | -- | 4 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 43 | -- | 8 | -- |
| 3+ | 48 | -- | 4 | -- | 1 | -- | 0 | -- | 2 | -- | 1 | -- | 0 | -- | 45 | -- | 7 | -- |
| Missing | 29 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 2 | -- | 0 | -- |
| Total pregnancies | 433 | -- | 36 | -- | 19 | -- | 8 | -- | 21 | -- | 8 | -- | 0 | -- | 393 | -- | 69 | -- |
| Pregnancy outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Still pregnant | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Miscarriage | 142 | 33 | 18 | 50 | 9 | 47 | 5 | 63 | 4 | 19 | 3 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 127 | 32 | 28 | 41 |
| Ectopic pregnancy | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 |
| Abortion | 92 | 21 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 32 | 2 | 25 | 7 | 33 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 23 | 15 | 22 |
| Stillbirth | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Live birth | 169 | 39 | 14 | 39 | 4 | 21 | 1 | 13 | 10 | 48 | 3 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 158 | 40 | 24 | 35 |
| Unknown | 19 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Cesarean birth | 39 | 23 | 3 | 21 | 1 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 23 | 4 | 17 |
| Ever had an unintended pregnancy | 153 | 73 | 8 | 89 | 10 | 83 | 7 | 88 | 9 | 69 | 4 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 139 | 73 | 26 | 76 |
| Considers self at risk for future unplanned pregnancy | 182 | 11 | 4 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 14 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 40 | 157 | 11 | 26 | 13 |