Table 1.
Characteristics of studies on the association between lignans intake or enterolactone in vivo and outcomes of breast cancer
| Study, Author, Publication Year (Ref) |
Type of Study | Years of diagnosis, Country | Ntotal (all deaths/due to BC/ recurrence) |
Follow-up Time(median) |
Exposure type and time |
Menopausal status | Categories | All-cause mortality HR(95%CI) | Breast cancer-specific mortality HR(95%CI) | Recurrence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LIBCSP Fink 200712 |
case-control study | 1996-1997 2002-2004 US |
1,210 (173/113) | 5 years | Dietary Lignans, Pre-diagnosis |
Premenopausal (376/43/34) |
Max* (≥9) vs. Min* (≤2.2 mg/d) | 1.27(0.63-2.54) | 1.16(0.52-2.58) | |
| Postmenopausal (834/130/79) | Max (≥9) vs. Min (≤2.2 mg/d) | 0.98(0.63-1.54) | 0.87(0.49-1.55) | |||||||
| Total (1210/173/113) | Max (≥9) vs. Min (≤2.2 mg/d) | 1.03(0.71-1.49) | 0.95(0.60-1.51) | |||||||
| WEB McCann 201013 |
case-control study | 1996-2001 US | 1,122 (160/94) | 87.3 months(mean) |
Dietary Lignans, Pre-diagnosis |
Premenopausal (315/44) |
>257 vs. <128 ug/d |
2.14(0.82-5.56) | 1.84(0.65-5.27) | |
| Postmenopausal (807/116) |
>318)vs. <155 ug/d |
0.49(0.26-0.91) | 0.29(0.11-0.76) | |||||||
| Guglielmini 201214 |
retrospective cohort study | 1984-1991 Italy, |
300 (180/112) | 0-5 years | Serum enterolactone, Post-diagnosis |
Premenopausal | ≥10 vs <10 nmol/L | 1.34(0.26-6.93) | 1.14(0.21-6.05) | |
| Postmenopausal | 0.38(0.19-0.76) | 0.32(0.15-0.66) | ||||||||
| 5-10 years | Premenopausal | 1.85(0.49-6.93) | 1.77(0.46-6.86) | |||||||
| Postmenopausal | 0.48(0.28-0.82) | 0.52(0.29-0.94) | ||||||||
| MARIE Seibold 201415 |
case- control study |
Germany, 2001-2005 |
2,182 (269/194/207) | 5.4 years | Plasma enterolactone, Post-diagnosis |
Postmenopausal | Max (>45.1) vs. Min (≤8.5 nmol/L) |
0.59 (0.40-0.87) | 0.59(0.37-0.94) | 0.77 (0.51-1.16) |
| per 10 nmol/L | 0.94 (0.90-0.98) | 0.94(0.89-0.99) | 0.99 (0.95-1.02) | |||||||
| EPIC Cecilie 201516 | Prospective multi-center cohort study |
European 2004-2009 |
11782(1482/753) | 4 years | Lignans intake Pre-diagnosis |
Premenopausal | >2.0mg/d vs <1.1mg/d | 1.63 (1.03,2.57) | 1.72(0.96-3.09) | |
| Postmenopausal | >2.0mg/d vs <1.1mg/d | 0.86(0.70-1.06) | 0.72(0.53,0.98) | |||||||
| Cecilie 201717 | Cohort study |
Denmark 1993-2014 |
1457(404/250/267) | 8 years | Plasma enterolactone Pre-diagnosis |
Postmenopausal | ≥36.9 v ≤9.5nmol/L |
0.85(0.65, 1.13) | 0.89(0.62, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.72, 1.51) |
| Linear per doubling (log2) in concentration | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.94(0.86, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) |
*Max, Min: Lignans intake or enterolactone were classified into different categories in literature, which refer to the maximum exposure group and the minimum exposure group