Fig. 2.

Immune response in critically ill COVID-19 patients with or without ARDS. Immune parameters were measured three times (D0: within the first 48 h, D3: between day 3 and day 4, D7: between D7 and D9) during the first week after ICU admission in COVID-19 patients. Patients were split in two groups based on presence (n = 40) or not (n = 24) of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during the first 72 h after admission according to Berlin definition. Over time evolution of immune parameters including plasma IFNα2 concentration and type I interferon mRNA signature (ISG score) during the first week after admission in patients with (blue boxes and circles) or without ARDS (orange boxes and circles) is shown. In one ARDS patient at D0 and in one ARDS patient at D7, plasma IFNα2 concentrations were null and could not be plotted. Correlation between plasma IFNα2 concentrations and type I interferon signatures is presented. Two values could not be plotted in the group of ARDS patients because measured IFNα2 concentrations were null. Data are presented as Tukey box-plots and individual values. Nonparametric Mann–Whitney test was used to compare values between groups at the same time point. Spearman correlation test was used. Spearman correlation coefficient is shown. Only p values below 0.05 are shown. The results were not adjusted for multiple test comparisons