Table 4.
Multivariable adjusted associations of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic characteristics with sleep duration at six-months.
| Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Duration | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | P = 0.04 | P = 0.14 | P = 0.51 | |
| Hispanic | −0.73 (−1.22, −0.23) | −0.66 (−1.16, −0.15) | 3–0.48 (−1.12, 0.15) | −0.21 (−0.91, 0.49) |
| Black | −0.31 (−1.03, 0.41) | −0.17 (−0.91, 0.57) | 0.07 (−0.75, 0.89) | −0.64 (−1.62, 0.33) |
| Asian | −0.66 (−1.29, −0.03) | −0.64 (−1.29, 0.00) | −0.59 (−1.24, 0.06) | −0.37 (−1.04, 0.31) |
| Socioeconomic Status | ||||
| <College graduate | −0.25 (−0.82, 0.31) | 0.32 (−0.39, 1.02) | 0.18 (−0.64, 1.00) | |
| Income <$80k | −0.59 (−1.03, −0.16) | −0.54 (−1.10, 0.03) | −0.41 (−1.01, 0.20) | |
| Sleep Continuity | ||||
| Night wakings | 0.10 (−0.15, 0.35) | 0.42 (0.08, 0.75) | ||
| Longest stretch | 0.19 (0.11, 0.27) | 0.29 (0.13, 0.45) | ||
| Night Duration | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | P < 0.01 | P < 0.01 | P = 0.06 | |
| Hispanic | −0.99 (−1.31, −0.67) | −0.96 (−1.28, −0.63) | 4–0.76 (−1.17, −0.35) | −0.60 (−1.06, −0.14) |
| Black | −0.65 (−1.12, −0.19) | −0.60 (−1.07, −0.12) | −0.30 (−0.83, 0.22) | −0.58 (−1.22, 0.06) |
| Asian | −0.29 (−0.69, 0.12) | −0.30 (−0.72, 0.11) | −0.28 (−0.70, 0.13) | −0.20 (−0.64, 0.25) |
| Socioeconomic Status | ||||
| <College graduate | −0.66 (−1.04, −0.29) | 0.03 (−0.42, 0.48) | 0.20 (−0.33, 0.74) | |
| Income <$80k | −0.75 (−1.03, −0.46) | −0.39 (−0.75, −0.04) | −0.35 (−0.75, 0.04) | |
| Sleep Continuity | ||||
| Night wakings | 0.10 (−0.07, 0.27) | 0.34 (0.12, 0.55) | ||
| Longest stretch | 0.13 (0.07, 0.18) | 0.24 (0.13, 0.34) | ||
| Day Duration | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | P = 0.04 | P = 0.18 | P = 0.29 | |
| Hispanic | 0.26 (−0.10, 0.63) | 0.30 (−0.08, 0.68) | 5 0.27 (−0.20, 0.75) | 0.39 (−0.13, 0.91) |
| Black | 0.35 (−0.19, 0.88) | 0.42 (−0.13, 0.97) | 0.37 (−0.24, 0.98) | −0.06 (−0.79, 0.66) |
| Asian | −0.37 (−0.84, 0.10) | −0.34 (−0.82, 0.14) | −0.31 (−0.79, 0.17) | −0.17 (−0.67, 0.33) |
| Socioeconomic Status | ||||
| <College graduate | 0.41 (0.00, 0.83) | 0.29 (−0.24, 0.81) | −0.02 (−0.63, 0.59) | |
| Income <$80k | 0.15 (−0.17, 0.48) | −0.14 (−0.56, 0.28) | −0.05 (−0.51, 0.40) | |
| Sleep Continuity | ||||
| Night wakings | 0.00 (−0.18, 0.18) | 0.08 (−0.17, 0.33) | ||
| Longest stretch | 0.06 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.05 (−0.07, 0.17) | ||
β [95% CI]; Model 1 adjusts for sex, gestational length, birthweight, and breastfeeding status; Model 2 additionally adjusts for socioeconomic status (maternal education and annual household income), and Model 3 additionally adjusts for sleep continuity (number of night wakings and longest stretch of sleep); referent groups for race/ethnicity is non-Hispanic white, for education is college graduate, and for annual household income is $80k+. p-value is for race/ethnicity joint hypothesis test for linear trend.