Table 1.
Demographic information of the three study populations.
| Generation R Study (n = 5637) | GUSTO (n = 862) | MAVAN (n = 581) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Maternal age at intake, y | 30.8 ± 0.06 | 30. 7 ± 0.17 | 30.7 ± 0.20 |
| Educational level | |||
| Primary education (%) | 8.4 | 4.2 | – |
| Secondary education (%) | 41.4 | 25.1 | – |
| Higher education (%) | 50.2 | – | – |
| High school or less (%) | – | – | 9.8 |
| Some community college (%) | – | – | 9.0 |
| Complete community college (%) | – | – | 32.4 |
| University degree (%) | – | – | 48.8 |
| Post-secondary education (%) | – | 11.5 | – |
| General certificate of education (GCE) (%) | – | 25.9 | – |
| University (%) | – | 33.3 | – |
| Maternal ethnicity | |||
| Dutch (%) | 57.5 | – | – |
| Non-Dutch western (%) | 8.6 | – | – |
| Non-Dutch non-western (%) | 33.9 | – | – |
| Canadian | – | – | 100 |
| Chinese (%) | – | 55.7 | – |
| Malay (%) | – | 26.6 | – |
| Indian (%) | – | 17.6 | – |
| Other (%) | – | 0.1 | – |
| Smoking habits | |||
| Never smoked in pregnancy (%) | 72.5 | 97.6 | 80.3 |
| Smoked in pregnancy (%) | – | 2.4 | – |
| Smoked in early pregnancy (%) | 13.0 | – | 9.8 |
| Smoked throughout pregnancy (%) | 14.5 | – | 9.9 |
| Drinking habits | |||
| Never drank in pregnancy (%) | 38.8 | 97.6 | 59.4 |
| Drank during pregnancy (%) | – | 2.4 | 40.6 |
| During early pregnancy (%) | 17.8 | – | – |
| Throughout pregnancy, occasionally (%) | 34.5 | – | – |
| Throughout pregnancy, frequently (%) | 8.9 | – | – |
| Child characteristics at birth | |||
| Sex of the child (% male) | 50.2 | 52.8 | 54.4 |
| Birth weight, g | 3422 ± 7.1 | 3097 ± 14.7 | 3376 ± 18.9 |
| Gestational age at birth, wk | 39.8 ± 0.02 | 38.4 ± 0.05 | 39.5 ± 0.05 |
| Range | 25.3–43.4 | 25.0–41.0 | 36.7–42.1 |
| Timing of birth | |||
| Term | 87.1 | 93.2 | 98.1 |
| Preterm | 5.8 | 6.8 | 0.9 |
| Post-term | 7.1 | – | 1.0 |
| Mode of delivery (%) | |||
| Vaginal delivery | 70.5 | 65.0 | – |
| Assisted vaginal delivery (forceps/vacuum) | 17.3 | 4.7 | – |
| Cesarian delivery | 12.2 | 30.8 | – |
| Apgar scores at birth | |||
| Apgar <7 at 1 min (%) | 5.4 | 2.6 | 6.4 |
| Apgar <7 at 5 min (%) | 1.0 | – | 1.2 |
All continuous variables are presented as means ± standard error; all categorical variables are presented as percentages.
ap Values are derived from analyses of variance for parametric continuous variables, Kruskal–Wallis tests for nonparametric continuous variables, and χ2.tests for categorical variables with the term born children as the reference group.