Table 2.

Logistic regression analysis on the association of DISH and the presence of coronary artery calcifications.

Variable	Units	Univariate model		Age, gender and race adjusted		Full multivariate model
		OR [95%CI]	p-value	OR [95%CI]	p-value	OR [95%CI]	p-value
DISH	Present vs. absent	1.32 [1.01–1.72]	< 0.041	1.41 [1.09–1.82]	0.009	1.37[1.05–1.78]	0.019
Age	+1 year	1.08 [1.07–1.011]	< 0.001	–	–	1.08 [1.07–1.10]	< 0.001
Gender	Male vs. female	1.67 [1.41–1.99]	< 0.001	–	–	1.69 [1.43–2.00]	< 0.001
Race	White vs. Black	1.24 [1.01–1.53]	0.37	–	–	1.26 [1.03–1.55]	0.028
Packyears	+ 10 pack years	1.01 [1.00–1.01]	0.135	1.01 [1.00–1.01]	0.01
Diabetes	Present vs. absent	1.05 [0.80–1.38]	0.721	1.36 [1.05–1.7]	0.019	–	–
BMI	+ 1 kg/m2	1.01 [0.99–1.02]	0.364	1.02 [1.00–1.03]	0.030	–	–
Smoking status	Current vs. former	1.37 [1.13–1.68]	0.002	1.32 [1.09–1.60]	0.004	1.39 [1.15–1.69]	0.001
Hypertension	Present vs. absent	1.53 [1.27–1.83]	< 0.001	1.71[1.45–2.02]	< 0.001	1.56 [1.31–1.87]	< 0.001
High cholesterol	Present vs. absent	1.25 [1.04–1.50]	0.019	1.40 [1.18–1.66]	< 0.001	1.27 [1.06–1.53]	0.010
COPD	Present vs. absent	1.61 [1.35–1.93]	< 0.001	1.64 [1.38–1.95]	< 0.001	1.64 [1.38–1.95]	< 0.001

DISH = Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. BMI = Body Mass Index. COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. OR = odds ratio. CI = confidence interval. Multivariate model was designed stepwise based on backward elimination at p < 0.10.