Table I.
Clinical trials investigating immunotherapeutic options in combination with other therapeutic options in oesophageal cancer patients.
| Immunotherapeutic option | Stage of development | Combined with | ClinicalTrials.gov. identifier | Start time | Current status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment
| |||||
| Nivolumab | Phase 1/2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03278626 | 2017 | Active, but not recruiting |
| Phase 1/2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03544736 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy + Ipilimumab | NCT03604991 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy + Ipilimumab | NCT03437200 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 3 | Ipilimumab + Chemotherapy | NCT3143153 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Ipilimumab | NCT03416244 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1/2 | Ipilimumab + INCAGN01949 | NCT03241173 | 2017 | Completed in 2020, but no results published | |
| Phase 1 | Chemoradiotherapy + Relatlimab | NCT03044613 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy + Cetuximab | NCT04229459 | 2020 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | Chemotherapy | NCT03914443 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 3 | After chemotherapy | NCT02569242 | 2015 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 3 | After chemoradiotherapy and surgery | NCT02743494 | 2016 | Active but not recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | + Rucaparib | NCT03995017 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | + Mogamulizumab | NCT02946671 | 2016 | Completed in 2020, but no results published | |
| Phase 1 | + Mogamulizumab | NCT02476123 | 2015 | Completed in 2020, but no results published | |
| Phase 1/2 | Radiotherapy | NCT03544736 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Pembrolizumab | Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT02844075 | 2016 | Active, but not recruiting |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03064490 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03322267 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03792347 | 2019 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy + chemotherapy | NCT02998268 | 2016 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | After chemoradiotherapy and surgery | NCT02844075 | 2016 | Active but not recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | After chemoradiotherapy and surgery | NCT03322267 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemotherapy + Trastuzumab | NCT02954536 | 2016 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | + Epacadostat | NCT03592407 | 2018 | Withdrawn due to safety concerns | |
| Phase 3 | Chemotherapy | NCT03189719 | 2017 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 3 | Chemotherapy | NCT03881111 | 2019 | Withdrawn due to protocol amendment | |
| Phase 2 | Chemotherapy | NCT04437212 | 2020 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Radiotherapy | NCT02830594 | 2016 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | Brachytherapy: 16Gy/2F | NCT02642809 | 2015 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | DKN-01 | NCT02013154 | 2013 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 1/2 | INCAGN01876 + Epacadostat | NCT03277352 | 2017 | Completed in 2020, but no results published | |
| Phase 2 | Tadalafil | NCT03993353 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | + CRS-207 | NCT03122548 | 2019 | Terminated because of low enrolment and lack of clinical activity in other CRS-207 studies | |
| Camrelizumab | Phase 2 | Radiotherapy | NCT03200691 | 2017 | Recruiting |
| Phase 2 | Radiotherapy | NCT03187314 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemotherapy | NCT03917966 | 2019 | Not yet recruiting | |
| Phase 3 | Chemotherapy | NCT03691090 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT04390945 | 2020 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 3 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT04426955 | 2020 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 3 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT04404491 | 2020 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | After chemoradiotherapy | NCT03817658 | 2019 | Not yet recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | After chemoradiotherapy | NCT03985046 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | After chemoradiotherapy | NCT04286958 | 2020 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Apatinib | NCT03736863 | 2019 | Not yet recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Apatinib + chemotherapy | NCT03603756 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Nimotuzumab | NCT03766178 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Sintilimab | Phase 1/2 | Chemotherapy | NCT03946969 | 2019 | Recruiting |
| Phase 3 | Chemotherapy | NCT03748134 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03940001 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Spartalizumab | Phase 1 | LGK974 | NCT01351103 | 2011 | Recruiting |
| Phase 1/2 | LAG525 | NCT02460224 | 2015 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | LAG525 | NCT03365791 | 2017 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | MCS110 | NCT03785496 | 2018 | Active, but not recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | TNO155 | NCT04000529 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Tislelizumab | Phase 2 | Chemotherapy | NCT03469557 | 2018 | Active, but not recruiting |
| Phase 3 | Chemotherapy | NCT03783442 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 3 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03957590 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Toripalimab | Phase 2 | Chemotherapy | NCT03985670 | 2019 | Recruiting |
| Phase 3 | Chemotherapy | NCT03829969 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT04006041 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT04005170 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT04084158 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT04177875 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | After Chemoradiotherapy + surgery | NCT04437212 | 2020 | Recruiting | |
| HLX-10 | Phase 3 | Chemotherapy | NCT03958890 | 2019 | Recruiting |
| Avelumab | Phase 1/2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03490292 | 2018 | Recruiting |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03800953 | 2019 | Not yet recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemotherapy before surgery | NCT03399071 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Atezolizumab | Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03087864 | 2017 | Completed in 2020, but no results published |
| Phase 1 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03784326 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemotherapy | NCT03448835 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1/2 | Cabozantinib | NCT03170960 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1/2 | KY1044 | NCT03829501 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1/2 | DKN-01 | NCT04166721 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Durvalumab | Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT02962063 | 2016 | Recruiting |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy | NCT03777813 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy + chemotherapy | NCT02735239 | 2016 | Active but not recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | After chemoradiotherapy | NCT04054518 | 2019 | Not yet recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | After chemoradiotherapy + surgery | NCT02639065 | 2015 | Active but not recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | After chemoradiotherapy + surgery | NCT02520453 | 2015 | Active but not recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Chemoradiotherapy + Tremelimumab | NCT03377400 | 2017 | Active but not recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | Chemotherapy + Tremelimumab | NCT02658214 | 2013 | Active but not recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Tremelimumab | NCT03292250 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Tremelimumab | NCT03982173 | 2019 | Not yet recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Tremelimumab | NCT04159974 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1/2 | Tremelimumab + SBRT | NCT03212469 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| SHR-1316 | Phase 2 | Chemotherapy | NCT03732508 | 2018 | Recruiting |
| Phase 2 | Nimotuzumab | NCT03766178 | 2019 | Not yet recruiting | |
|
| |||||
| Adoptive T-cell therapy
| |||||
| Phase 1 | HER2Bi-armed T-cells + IL-2 | NCT02662348 | 2016 | Unknown | |
| Phase 1/2 | CAR-T combined with PD-1 knockout T-cells | NCT03706326 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | CAR-T combined with CAdVEC (oncolytic adenovirus) | NCT03740256 | 2018 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | TCR-T + Cyclophosphamide + Fludarabine | NCT02869217 | 2016 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | TCR-T + + Fludarabine Cyclophosphamide | NCT02366546 | 2015 | Active but not recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | TCR-T + + Fludarabine Cyclophosphamide | NCT02096614 | 2017 | Unknown | |
| Phase 1 | TCR-T + Radiotherapy | NCT03132922 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 1 | TCR-T + Trastuzumab | NCT03680560 | 2018 | Suspended by the sponsor | |
|
| |||||
| Peptide vaccine
| |||||
| Phase 1 | + Chemotherapy | NCT00632333 | 2011 | Unknown | |
| Phase 2 | + Toll-like receptor 9 agonist | NCT00669292 | 2010 | Unknown | |
| Phase 2 | + Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor | NCT00012246 | 2013 | Terminated without any published results | |
|
| |||||
| Oncolytic virus
| |||||
| Oncolytic measles virus | Phase 1 | + 5-Fluorocytosine + anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor | NCT04195373 | 2020 | Withdrawn |
| Oncolytic adenovirus | Phase 1 | CAdVEC combined with CAR-T | NCT03740256 | 2018 | Recruiting |
| Phase 1 | Telomelysin + radiotherapy | NCT03213054 | 2017 | Recruiting | |
| Phase 2 | Telomelysin + Pembrolizumab | NCT03921021 | 2019 | Recruiting | |
ClinicalTrials.gov was accessed in November, 2020.