Table 1.
Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with community-onset E. coli bloodstream infection
| Variables | ESBL (N = 316) | Non-ESBL (N = 873) | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr), median (IQR) | 75 (63–81) | 74 (63–81) | 0.595 | |
| Male | 121 (38) | 344 (39) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.737 |
| ICU admission | 30 (10) | 35 (4) | 2.5 (1.5–4.2) | < 0.001 |
| History of hospital admission | 196 (62) | 346 (40) | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | < 0.001 |
| History of LTCH admission | 41 (13) | 37 (4) | 3.4 (2.1–5.4) | < 0.001 |
| Underlying disease | ||||
| End-stage renal disease | 16 (5) | 52 (6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 0.672 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 7 (2) | 15 (2) | 1.3 (0.5–3.2) | 0.626 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 9 (3) | 29 (3) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.852 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 5 (2) | 9 (1) | 1.5 (0.5–4.6) | 0.542 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 62 (20) | 132 (15) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 0.075 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 9 (3) | 25 (3) | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) | 1.000 |
| Malignancy | 40 (13) | 120 (14) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.701 |
| Charlson comorbidity index (median, IQR) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 0.905 | |
| SOFA score (median, IQR) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 0.109 | |
| Antimicrobial use within previous three months | ||||
| Penicillin | 19 (6) | 50 (6) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 0.888 |
| β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor | 90 (29) | 135 (16) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Fluoroquinolone | 107 (34) | 174 (20) | 2.1 (1.5–2.7) | < 0.001 |
| Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 10 (3) | 10 (1) | 2.8 (1.2–6.8) | 0.022 |
| Macrolide | 22 (7) | 39 (5) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 0.101 |
| Lincosamide | 18 (6) | 19 (2) | 2.7 (1.4–5.2) | 0.004 |
| Glycopeptide | 16 (5) | 21 (2) | 2.2 (1.1–4.2) | 0.024 |
| Aminoglycoside | 40 (13) | 57 (7) | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | 0.001 |
| Carbapenem | 61 (19) | 46 (5) | 4.3 (2.9–6.5) | < 0.001 |
| First-generation cephalosporin | 41 (13) | 62 (7) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 0.002 |
| Second-generation cephalosporin | 70 (22) | 132 (15) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 0.003 |
| Extended-spectrum cephalosporin | 137 (43) | 205 (24) | 2.5 (1.9–3.3) | < 0.001 |
| History of intervention within three months | ||||
| Urinary catheterization | 58 (18) | 80 (9) | 2.2 (1.5–3.2) | < 0.001 |
| Center catheter | 18 (6) | 32 (4) | 1.6 (0.9–2.9) | 0.140 |
| Intubation/tracheostomy | 3 (1) | 6 (1) | 1.4 (0.3–5.6) | 0.707 |
| Nasogastric tube | 20 (6) | 26 (3) | 2.2 (1.2–4.0) | 0.011 |
| Major surgery | 13 (4) | 16 (2) | 2.3 (1.1–4.8) | 0.032 |
Data are summarized as N (%), unless otherwise indicated.
Bold formatting indicates statistical significance.
Abbreviations: CO, community-onset; ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; EC, Escherichia coli; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio, ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; LTCH, long-term care hospital; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment.