Table 3.
Prepregnancy characteristics and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes according to adherence to the NAM recommendations for gestational weight gain
| Outcomes | Inadequate (n = 69) | Adequate (n = 50) | Excessive (n = 51) | P value | Pairwise comparisons | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prepregnancy characteristics | ||||||||
| Maternal age (years) | 30.3 | ± 4.5 | 29.3 | ± 4.9 | 30.2 | ± 4.2 | ns | |
| Type of surgical procedure | 0.035 | |||||||
| RYGB | 40 | (58.0) | 39 | (78.0) | 37 | (72.5) | ||
| OAGB | 12 | (17.4) | 2 | (4.0) | 2 | (3.9) | ||
| SG | 17 | (24.6) | 9 | (18.0) | 12 | (23.5) | ||
| Time from surgery to conception (months) | 26.1 | ± 22.7 | 30.9 | ± 20.3 | 41.1 | ± 24.3 | 0.002 | ns |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 32.7 | ± 8.7 | 29.6 | ± 4.9 | 29.9 | ± 4.3 | 0.020 | 2 vs 1: P = 0.040 |
| TBWL from surgery to conception (%) | − 29.8 | ± 11.9 | − 33.1 | ± 9.9 | − 31.7 | ± 9.8 | ns | |
| Nulliparous | 36 | (52.2) | 20 | (40.0) | 22 | (43.1) | ns | |
| Smokers | 18 | (26.1) | 8 | (16.0) | 12 | (23.5) | ns | |
| Pre-existent hypertension | 7 | (10.1) | 2 | (4.0) | 1 | (2.0) | ns | |
| Pregnancy outcomes | ||||||||
| Gestational age (days) | 266.5 | ± 20.2 | 273.8 | ± 8.4 | 274.6 | ± 10.1 | <0.001 | 2 vs 1: P = 0.002 |
| Preterm birth | 11 | (15.9) | 3 | (6.0) | 2 | (3.9) | 0.020 | 2 vs 1: P = 0.037 |
| Cesarean section | 13 | (18.8) | 5 | (10.0) | 12 | (23.5) | ns | |
| GDM | 10 | (14.5) | 3 | (6.0) | 1 | (2.0) | ns | |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 6 | (8.7) | 1 | (2.0) | 3 | (5.9) | ns | |
| Neonatal outcomesa | ||||||||
| Gender (male) | 35 | (52.2) | 31 | (63.3) | 33 | (64.7) | ns | |
| Birth weight (g) | 3061 | ± 511 | 3217 | ± 479 | 3189 | ± 450 | 0.031 | 2 vs 1: P = 0.053 |
| Weight-for-age percentile | 37.1 | ± 29.4 | 36.2 | ± 29.3 | 35.5 | ± 25.7 | ns | |
| LGA (> 90th percentile) | 4 | (6.0) | 2 | (4.1) | 1 | (2.0) | ns | |
| SGA (< 10th percentile) | 17 | (25.4) | 12 | (24.5) | 10 | (19.6) | ns | |
| Apgar score < 7 at 5 min | 3 | (4.5) | 1 | (2.0) | 1 | (2.0) | ns | |
| Admission at neonatology | 16 | (23.9) | 10 | (20.4) | 11 | (21.6) | ns | |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or frequencies (percentages). Linear and logistic models are adjusted for maternal age, gravidity, parity, smoking status, prepregnancy BMI, and type of surgical procedure. P values of planned pairwise comparisons with the reference group (italicized) were corrected by using the Bonferroni method
RYGB Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; OAGB one anastomosis gastric bypass; SG sleeve gastrectomy; BMI body mass index; TBWL total body weight loss; GDM gestational diabetes mellitus; LGA large-for-gestational-age; SGA small-for-gestational-age
aCases of perinatal death were excluded for analyses of neonatal outcomes (n = 3)