Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population.
| Variables | All women (n = 398) | Primiparous (n = 235) | Multiparous (n = 163) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 29.2 (3.6) | 28.0 (3.2) | 31.0 (3.6) | 0.000 |
| BMI at enrolment (kg/m2) | 22.8 (3.8) | 22.1 (3.5) | 23.7 (4.0) | 0.000 |
| Weight gain (kg)a | 9.1 (5.2) | 9.1 (5.0) | 9.2 (5.5) | 0.565 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 131.5 (10.3) | 131.8 (10.7) | 131.0 (9.8) | 0.484 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 51.0 (35.6) | 54.7 (38.5) | 45.7 (30.2) | 0.01 |
| Serum homocysteine (μmol/L) | 9.0 (2.5) | 9.0 (1.9) | 9.1 (3.2) | 0.529 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 3.0 (2.9) | 2.4 (2.3) | 3.8 (3.4) | 0.000 |
| HOMA-β | 216.2 (158.0) | 221.8 (171.3) | 207.0 (135.3) | 0.402 |
| In tertile 1 of tautine | 191.3 (140.4) | 177.8 (138.6) | ||
| In tertile 2 of tautine | 225.9 (215.9) | 187.9 (109.0) | ||
| In tertile 3 of tautine | 248.9 (147.4) | 256.4 (145.0) | ||
| HOMA-IR | 1.86 (1.29) | 1.77 (1.22) | 1.98 (1.37) | 0.126 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.5 (0.4) | 4.4 (0.4) | 4.5 (0.4) | 0.01 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/ml) | 9.2 (5.8) | 8.8 (5.4) | 9.7 (6.3) | 0.129 |
| Taurine (ng/ml) | 657.6 (158.2) | 662.2 (155.0) | 656.9 (160.8) | 0.377 |
| History of PCOS | 9 (2.3) | 7 (3.0) | 2 (1.2) | 0.248 |
| Family history of diabetes | 36 (9.0) | 18 (7.7) | 18 (11.0) | 0.287 |
| Prevalence of GDM | 71 (17.8) | 40 (17.0) | 31 (19.0) | 0.690 |
| In tertile 1 of tautine | 13 (16.5) | 12 (22.2) | ||
| In tertile 2 of tautine | 9 (11.4) | 12 (21.8) | ||
| In tertile 3 of tautine | 18 (23.1) | 7 (13.0) | ||
| Oral multi-nutrients supplements | 140 (35.2) | 82 (34.9) | 58 (35.6) | 0.915 |
| Physical activity | 0.147 | |||
| 0–150 min per week | 208 (52.3) | 131 (55.7) | 77 (47.2) | |
| ≥ 150 min per week | 190 (47.7) | 104 (44.3) | 86 (52.8) | |
| Education | 0.000 | |||
| Senior middle school or lower | 83 (20.9) | 34 (14.5) | 49 (30.1) | |
| College degree or higher | 315 (79.1) | 201 (85.5) | 114 (69.9) |
BMI body mass index, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment—insulin resistance, HOMA-β homeostasis model assessment-β, PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus.
aRepresents weight gain from enrolment to the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.