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. 2021 Apr 12;12:2179. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22461-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Experimental setup. b Post-capture refocusing at different depths. The images are time-integrated so that all parts of the helical fiber can be rendered, which are otherwise separated at different time instances. c All-in-focus time-integrated imaging results. d 4D (3D space and time) characterization of a picosecond laser pulse propagating inside a light-diffusing fiber. The helical fiber structure is crafted and overlaid in each 3D frame for visual guidance. e Time-integrated 3D image of the helical fiber. f Photograph of the helical fiber.