Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics stratified by the concordant pattern among categories of uPCR (< 150, ≧ 150 to < 500, and ≧ 500 mg/g creatinine) and uACR (< 30, ≧ 30 to < 300, and ≧ 300 mg/g creatinine).
| Variable | Total (n = 2904) | Concordance proteinuria (n = 2383) | Non-albumin predominant proteinuria (n = 363) | Albumin-predominant proteinuria (n = 158) | P-value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), median (IQR) | 58.6 (45.4, 70.8) | 57.7 (44.6, 69.9) | 65.9 (55.0, 75.1) | 58.3 (41.1, 69.3) | < 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 1207 (41.6) | 987 (41.4) | 148 (40.8) | 72 (45.6) | 0.6 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 24.1 (21.8, 27.3) | 24.4 (21.9, 27.4) | 23.3 (21.1, 25.5) | 23.8 (21.7, 28.3) | < 0.001 |
| Follow-up duration (year), median (IQR) | 3.32 (1.41, 6.28) | 3.38 (1.53, 6.35) | 2.36 (0.76, 5.09) | 4.05 (2.52, 7.05) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| CKD stage 1–2 | 1343 (47.3) | 1133 (48.7) | 115 (32.1) | 95 (61.7) | < 0.001 |
| CKD stage 3–5 | 1495 (52.7) | 1193 (51.3) | 243 (67.9) | 59 (38.3) | |
| Diabetes | 928 (32.1) | 764 (32.2) | 128 (35.3) | 36 (23.1) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 1245 (43.0) | 1031 (43.4) | 163 (44.9) | 51 (32.7) | 0.02 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 766 (26.5) | 621 (26.2) | 113 (31.1) | 32 (20.5) | 0.03 |
| Cancer before enrollment | 265 (9.1) | 201 (8.4) | 52 (14.3) | 12 (7.6) | 0.001 |
| Cancer after enrollment | 166 (5.7) | 129 (5.4) | 30 (8.3) | 7 (4.4) | 0.07 |
| Cancer (before or after enrollment) | 431 (14.8) | 330 (13.9) | 82 (22.6) | 19 (12.0) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline medication profiles, n (%) | |||||
| Pentoxifylline | 389 (14.8) | 325 (15.2) | 48 (13.7) | 16 (12.3) | 0.5 |
| Dipyridamole | 91 (3.5) | 74 (3.5) | 13 (3.7) | 4 (3.1) | 0.9 |
| Anti-platelet agents | 683 (26.0) | 555 (25.9) | 104 (29.6) | 24 (18.5) | 0.04 |
| NSAIDs | 721 (27.5) | 560 (26.1) | 128 (36.5) | 33 (25.4) | < 0.001 |
| Contrast | 479 (18.2) | 351 (16.4) | 112 (31.9) | 16 (12.3) | < 0.001 |
| Antihypertension agents | |||||
| ACEI | 465 (17.7) | 389 (18.1) | 59 (16.8) | 17 (13.1) | 0.3 |
| ARBs | 919 (35.0) | 769 (35.9) | 102 (29.1) | 48 (36.9) | 0.04 |
| Diuretics | 1192 (45.4) | 941 (43.9) | 205 (58.4) | 46 (35.4) | < 0.001 |
| Antidiabetic agents | |||||
| OAD | 724 (27.6) | 600 (28.0) | 93 (26.5) | 31 (23.9) | 0.5 |
| Insulin | 539 (20.5) | 428 (20.0) | 104 (29.6) | 7 (5.4) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline biochemical profiles, median (IQR) | |||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 56.8 (27.8, 91.8) | 58.3 (28.4, 93.1) | 39.3 (17.1, 71.3) | 73.1 (51.5, 97.5) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.23 (0.86, 2.16) | 1.21 (0.86, 2.12) | 1.69 (1.01, 3.15) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.32) | < 0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 20.0 (13.0, 36.0) | 19.0 (13.0, 35.0) | 26.0 (17.0, 47.0) | 15.0 (11.0, 21.0) | < 0.001 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.50 (5.20, 8.00) | 6.60 (5.30, 8.00) | 6.60 (4.75, 8.50) | 6.10 (5.20, 7.40) | 0.05 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138 (136, 140) | 138 (136, 140) | 137 (134, 140) | 138 (137, 140) | 0.001 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.10 (3.70, 4.50) | 4.10 (3.80, 4.50) | 3.90 (3.50, 4.40) | 4.00 (3.80, 4.40) | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.70 (8.20, 9.20) | 8.70 (8.20, 9.20) | 8.60 (7.93, 9.10) | 9.10 (8.80, 9.40) | < 0.001 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 4.00 (3.40, 4.80) | 4.00 (3.50, 4.80) | 4.00 (3.10, 4.90) | 3.60 (3.30, 4.00) | 0.002 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.00 (3.30, 4.40) | 4.00 (3.40, 4.40) | 3.65 (2.90, 4.20) | 4.30 (4.00, 4.60) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.9 (9.8, 13.8) | 12.0 (9.9, 13.9) | 10.8 (9.2, 12.4) | 13.0 (11.5, 14.7) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 181 (152, 214) | 185 (155, 217) | 156 (134, 186) | 181 (157, 213) | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 129 (85, 195) | 131 (86, 196) | 117 (81, 199) | 121 (82, 182) | 0.08 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 116 (99, 159) | 116 (98, 157) | 129 (102, 176) | 109 (94, 131) | < 0.001 |
| Urine creatinine (mg/dL) | 92.3 (59.4, 144.0) | 97.9 (61.8, 149.3) | 65.3 (48.5, 96.5) | 104.9 (71.5, 145.0) | < 0.001 |
| uPCR (mg/g) | 310 (101, 1,608) | 308 (90, 1,990) | 579 (247, 970) | 125 (109, 137) | < 0.001 |
| uACR (mg/g) | 86 (13, 757) | 108 (11, 1,152) | 75 (19, 169) | 46 (36, 55) | < 0.001 |
| uAPR (%) | 30.0 (10.8, 57.5) | 36.1 (12.3, 60.9) | 10.5 (5.0, 18.3) | 38.0 (31.7, 46.4) | < 0.001 |
| uNAP (mg/g) | 186 (80, 683) | 174 (77, 743) | 470 (236, 843) | 75 (63, 92) | < 0.001 |
ACEI angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CKD chronic kidney disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, OAD oral antidiabetic agents, uPCR urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, uACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, uAPR urine albumin-to-protein ratio, uNAP urine non-albumin proteinuria.
†P-values are calculated by Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.