Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Publication (author, year, study name) | Study design | Tumour type & stage | Drug screen cohort | Clinical response association cohort | Treatment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients | PDOs | Patients | PDOs | ||||
|
Ooft, 201921 TUMOROID |
Prospective cohort, observational | mCRC | 29 | 35 | 29 | 35 |
FOLFIRI (>1st line); Irinotecan (>1st line); FOLFOX (mixed lines) |
|
Chalabi, 202022 NICHE |
Prospective cohort (within phase II trial), observational | CRC (Stage III) | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | Nivolumab + ipilimumab (neoadjuvant) |
| Ganesh, 201929 | Observational cohort | RC (non-metastatic & metastatic) | 14 | 23 | 9 | 17 |
5-FU & FOLFOX; Radiation |
|
Yao, 202026 CinClare |
Prospective, observational (within phase III trial) | LARC | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | Chemoradiation (capecitabine versus CAPIRI; neoadjuvant) |
|
Narasimhan, 202028 APOLLO |
Prospective, offers assay-guided treatment to treatment refractory patients | mCRC (peritoneal) | 15 | 17 | 9 | 9 | FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, regorafenib, vandetanib, gemcitabine |
| Vlachogiannis, 201811 | Prospective, observational, using PDOs from 4 prospective phase I/II trials | mCRC, mGC, mGOC | 15 | 19 | 15 | 19a |
TAS-102, Cetuximab, Regorafenib (CRC); Paclitaxel (GC); 5-FU + cisplatin (GOC) |
| Steele, 201931 | Observational cohort | GC (non-metastatic & metastatic) | 6 | 6 | 2 | 2 | EOX |
| Tiriac, 201823 | Observational cohort | Pancreatic cancer (Stage II–IV) | 57 | 66 | 9 | 12 |
5-FU; Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel; 5-FU + SN-38 + gemcitabine; 5-FU + SN-38 + oxaliplatin; 5-FU + oxaliplatin; 5-FU + gemcitabine |
| Sharick, 202017 | Observational cohort |
Pancreatic cancer (non-metastatic); Breast cancer (not specified) |
24 | 24 | 10 | 10 |
Gemcitabine + 5-FU, oxaliplatin + 5-FU, 5-FU or FOLFIRINOX (pancreatic cancer). AC-T (breast cancer) |
| Li, 201827 | Observational cohort | Oesophageal cancer (non-metastatic) | 8 | 8 | 5 | 5 | ECX, ECF, CF |
| Driehuis, 201934 | Observational cohort | HNSCC (non-metastatic) | 14 | 14 | 7 | 7 | Radiation (postoperative with curative intent, primary and adjuvant) |
| Sachs, 201814 | Observational cohort | Breast cancer (metastatic) | NR | 12 | 2 | 2 | Tamoxifen |
| Phan, 201918 | Observational cohort | Ovarian carcinoma (Stage IV) | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | Carboplatin |
| De Witte, 202032 | Observational cohort | Ovarian carcinoma (non-metastatic & metastatic)b | 23 | 36 | 5 | 7 | Carboplatin + paclitaxel. |
| Votanopoulos, 201919 | Observational cohort | Melanoma (Stage III–IV) | 7 | 9 | 5 | 7 | Pembrolizumab, nivolumab, ipilimumab, dabrefinib/trametinib |
| Mazzocchi, 201820 | Observational cohort | Mesothelioma (metastatic) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Cisplatin + pemetrexed. |
| Jacob, 202030 | Observational cohort | Glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | Radiation + temozolomide. |
A description of the types of tumours (and stages), cohort size and examined treatments (lines) used for the comparison between ex vivo PDO drug screen results and clinical treatment response are reported. The number of patients and PDOs in the study in which drug screens were performed are reported, as well as the number of patients and PDOs for which an association was made with the clinical treatment response.
5-FU 5-flourouracil, AC-T doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide + paclitaxel, CAPIRI capecitabine + irinotecan, CF cisplatin + 5-FU, ECF epirubicin + cisplatin + 5-FU, ECX epirubicin + cisplatin + capecitabine, EOX epirubicin + oxaliplatin + 5-FU, FOLFIRI 5-FU + irinotecan, FOLFIRINOX 5-FU + oxaliplatin + irinotecan, FOLFOX 5-FU + oxaliplatin, HNSCC head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, LARC locally advanced rectal cancer, mCRC metastatic colorectal cancer, mGC metastatic gastric cancer, mGOC metastatic gastroesophageal cancer, mRC metastatic rectal cancer, NR not reported, PDO patient-derived organoid, RC rectal cancer, SN-38 irinotecan, TAS-102 trifluridine/tipiracil, WHO World Health Organization.
aThe authors report diagnostic results for 21 organoids (2 organoids were tested for >1 treatment line), so that the clinical cohort consists of 19 unique organoids.
bThe clinical comparison cohort (n = 5) comprised of high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients who underwent interval debulking surgery.