Table 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Proportions of Calories of US Children and Adults Consuming Food From Grocery Stores, Restaurants, Schools, Worksites, and Other Sources, NHANES 2003-2018a.
| Children (5-19 years of age) | Adults (≥20 years of age) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 20 905) | Grocery stores (n = 20 785) | Restaurants (n = 12 903) | Schools (n = 8860) | Others (n = 9848) | Overall (n = 39 757) | Grocery stores (n = 39 550) | Restaurants (n = 24 610) | Worksites (n = 4915) | Others (n = 20 036) | |
| Population characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 12.1 (5.24) | 12.1 (5.23) | 12.5 (5.32) | 10.9 (4.89) | 11.9 (5.13) | 47.3 (15.1) | 47.4 (15.1) | 45.3 (14.2) | 42.6 (12.1) | 48.1 (14.9) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Male | 10 556 (51.0) | 10 486 (51.0) | 6478 (50.1) | 4493 (51.2) | 4815 (48.9) | 19 279 (48.1) | 19 156 (48.0) | 12 162 (49.8) | 2607 (54.9) | 9629 (48.2) |
| Female | 10 349 (49.0) | 10 299 (49.0) | 6425 (49.9) | 4367 (48.9) | 5033 (51.1) | 20 478 (51.9) | 20 394 (51.9) | 12 448 (50.2) | 2308 (45.1) | 10 407 (51.8) |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic | ||||||||||
| White | 5921 (56.5) | 5891 (56.6) | 3753 (58.1) | 1960 (47.0) | 3085 (59.3) | 17 481 (67.7) | 17 408 (67.8) | 10 938 (68.4) | 2011 (67.1) | 9235 (70.1) |
| Black | 5738 (14.3) | 5704 (14.3) | 3598 (14.2) | 2670 (17.7) | 2456 (12.4) | 8511 (11.4) | 8450 (11.3) | 5459 (11.5) | 1270 (12.9) | 4000 (10.1) |
| Hispanic | 7097 (20.9) | 7061 (20.9) | 4242 (19.6) | 3430 (26.9) | 3201 (19.7) | 9895 (13.6) | 9845 (13.6) | 5888 (13.2) | 1156 (12.8) | 4787 (12.8) |
| Otherb | 2149 (8.22) | 2129 (8.16) | 1310 (8.11) | 800 (8.37) | 1106 (8.64) | 3870 (7.33) | 3847 (7.31) | 2325 (6.93) | 478 (7.19) | 2014 (7.01) |
| Educational level, No. (%)c | ||||||||||
| Less than high school | 5676 (19.6) | 5653 (19.6) | 3196 (17.6) | 2613 (23.7) | 2450 (18.0) | 9992 (16.1) | 9956 (16.1) | 5122 (13.5) | 817 (10.5) | 4448 (14.0) |
| High school or GED | 10 750 (55.5) | 10 679 (54.5) | 6754 (55.7) | 4605 (56.6) | 5087 (54.5) | 9264 (23.9) | 9191 (23.8) | 5725 (23.4) | 1080 (21.7) | 4434 (22.4) |
| Some college | 11 616 (31.7) | 11 551 (31.8) | 7763 (32.9) | 1650 (34.0) | 5997 (32.0) | |||||
| College graduate and above | 3690 (24.9) | 3672 (25.0) | 2461 (26.7) | 1342 (19.7) | 1968 (27.5) | 8844 (28.3) | 8812 (28.3) | 5985 (30.2) | 1364 (33.7) | 5134 (31.6) |
| Ratio of family income to poverty level | ||||||||||
| <1.30 | 8457 (33.0) | 8398 (33.0) | 4698 (28.9) | 3934 (39.5) | 3712 (28.6) | 11 329 (21.8) | 11 269 (21.8) | 6246 (19.3) | 1040 (15.3) | 5197 (19.4) |
| 1.30-3.49 | 7022 (36.9) | 6988 (37.0) | 4491 (37.5) | 3020 (37.6) | 3415 (35.7) | 13 970 (35.7) | 13 892 (35.6) | 8622 (34.6) | 1704 (33.7) | 7037 (34.8) |
| ≥3.50 | 4008 (30.0) | 3994 (30.1) | 2834 (33.6) | 1367 (22.9) | 2721 (35.6) | 11 241 (42.5) | 11 191 (42.6) | 7892 (46.0) | 1869 (51.0) | 1566 (45.8) |
| Proportions of calories, mean (95% CI), % | ||||||||||
| Overall | 65.7 (65.0-66.3) | 18.5 (17.9-19.1) | 8.50 (7.88-9.12) | 7.33 (6.93-7.73) | 68.9 (68.4-69.4) | 21.4 (20.9-21.9) | 1.55 (1.42-1.67) | 8.13 (7.82-8.44) | ||
| By sex, mean (95% CI), % | ||||||||||
| Male | 66.3 (65.4-67.2) | 18.0 (17.3-18.8) | 8.57 (7.84-9.31) | 7.10 (6.60-7.61) | 67.2 (66.6-67.9) | 23.0 (22.4-23.6) | 1.66 (1.50-1.82) | 8.15 (7.77-8.53) | ||
| Female | 65.0 (64.2-65.8) | 19.0 (18.3-19.7) | 8.42 (7.78-9.06) | 7.57 (7.09-8.05) | 70.5 (69.9-71.1) | 20.0 (19.4-20.5) | 1.44 (1.29-1.59) | 8.12 (7.77-8.46) | ||
| By race/ethnicity, mean (95% CI), % | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic | ||||||||||
| White | 66.6 (65.5-67.6) | 19.0 (18.1-19.8) | 6.65 (5.84-7.45) | 7.81 (7.20-8.42) | 68.8 (68.1-69.5) | 21.3 (20.6-22.0) | 1.47 (1.32-1.62) | 8.38 (7.97-8.78) | ||
| Black | 63.2 (61.7-64.7) | 18.7 (17.9-19.5) | 11.9 (10.6-13.2) | 6.21 (5.47-6.94) | 67.2 (66.1-68.3) | 23.2 (22.3-24.1) | 2.14 (1.78-2.51) | 7.47 (7.03-7.91) | ||
| Hispanic | 64.6 (63.5-65.7) | 17.5 (16.6-18.3) | 11.3 (10.4-12.1) | 6.70 (6.19-7.21) | 69.8 (68.8-70.7) | 21.1 (20.2-21.9) | 1.46 (1.25-1.67) | 7.71 (7.30-8.11) | ||
| Otherb | 66.4 (64.6-68.3) | 17.7 (16.1-19.2) | 8.28 (6.92-9.65) | 7.62 (6.45-8.79) | 70.6 (69.4-71.8) | 20.2 (19.1-21.4) | 1.50 (1.23-1.77) | 7.68 (6.97-8.40) | ||
| By educational level, mean (95% CI), % | ||||||||||
| Less than high school | 66.0 (65.0-67.0) | 16.1 (15.1-17.0) | 11.0 (10.2-11.9) | 6.91 (6.31-7.52) | 74.1 (73.3-74.9) | 17.3 (16.6-18.0) | 1.08 (0.88-1.28) | 7.52 (6.99-8.04) | ||
| High school or GED | 64.6 (63.7-65.6) | 19.2 (18.4-20.0) | 8.89 (8.22-9.55) | 7.28 (6.73-7.84) | 68.9 (68.0-69.8) | 21.5 (20.6-22.3) | 1.37 (1.21-1.53) | 8.24 (7.74-8.75) | ||
| Some college | 67.4 (66.6-68.2) | 22.7 (22.1-23.4) | 1.76 (1.50-2.01) | 8.11 (7.64-8.58) | ||||||
| College graduate and above | 67.5 (66.1-68.8) | 19.0 (17.7-20.3) | 5.93 (5.07-6.79) | 7.62 (6.94-8.30) | 67.7 (66.8-68.9) | 22.2 (21.4-23.0) | 1.73 (1.53-1.92) | 8.41 (7.93-8.89) | ||
| By ratio of family income to poverty level, mean (95% CI), %d | ||||||||||
| <1.30 | 65.4 (64.1-66.7) | 16.2 (15.2-17.2) | 11.6 (10.7-12.4) | 6.76 (6.05-7.48) | 71.7 (70.4-73.0) | 18.9 (18.0-19.7) | 1.31 (0.96-1.66) | 8.12 (7.65-8.59) | ||
| 1.30-3.49 | 65.6 (64.5-66.6) | 18.6 (17.8-19.5) | 8.15 (7.40-8.90) | 7.66 (6.99-8.34) | 69.5 (68.7-70.3) | 21.0 (20.3-21.8) | 1.49 (1.34-1.65) | 7.95 (7.53-8.36) | ||
| ≥3.50 | 65.8 (64.4-67.2) | 20.9 (19.8-22.1) | 5.70 (4.77-6.64) | 7.58 (6.87-8.30) | 66.6 (65.8-67.4) | 23.4 (22.6-24.2) | 1.77 (1.58-1.96) | 8.28 (7.83-8.72) | ||
Abbreviations: GED, General Educational Development; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
The top half of the table reports column percentages for sociodemographic compositions overall and by food sources (grocery stores, restaurants, worksites, and others). The bottom half of the table reports row percentages for calories from each of those food sources overall and by sociodemographic groups. Food sources were grouped as grocery stores (consumed food items obtained from grocery or supermarket), restaurants (restaurant fast food/pizza, restaurant with servers, or restaurant no additional information), schools (kindergarten through 12th grade school cafeteria or childcare center), worksites (cafeteria not in a kindergarten through 12th grade school, vending machine, common coffee pot, or snack tray) and other sources refer to food items obtained from elsewhere (sports, recreation, or entertainment facility, vending machine, community food program, from someone else or gift, and others). All analyses incorporate the NHANES complex sampling design and survey weights to provide nationally representative estimates.
Other includes race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic, including multiracial.
For children, educational level refers to parental/household educational levels. Because of the existing categorization in NHANES 2017-2018 (less than high school, high school graduate or GED or some college, and college graduate and above), we combined the high school graduate or GED and some college together for previous NHANES cycles from 2003-2004 to 2015-2016.
Participants with missing data on educational level (n = 41), parental educational level (n = 789), and household income (n = 4635) were excluded in the subgroup analysis.