Figure 1.

Research, development, and deployment tasks in any electrochemical system involve fundamentally four why questions. Each implicitly identifies the length and time scales of interest, thus specifying how to answer these questions using experiments and modeling as the tools. The sub-figures in the bottom panel are drawn as modules of energy storage systems and can be used to represent equivalent examples of other electrochemical systems. [Reprinted with permission from ref (5). Copyright 2020 The Electrochemical Society.]