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. 2021 Apr 12;16:170. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01727-2

Table 2.

Overview of 116 treatableIDs and diagnostic tests

Group of disorder Name of disorder Gene(s) Orphanet# OMIM gene/locus# HPO# Diagnostic test
Congenital disorders of glycosylation SLC35A2-CDG* SLC35A2 (X-linked) 356,961 314,375 7355 Serum transferrin/N-glycan profiling
Congenital disorders of glycosylation SLC35C1-CDG* SLC35C1-CDG (AR) 99,843 605,881 55,343 Serum transferrin/N-glycan profiling
Congenital disorders of glycosylation PMM2-CDG* PMM2 (AR) 79,318 601,785 5373 Serum transferrin/N-glycan profiling
Congenital disorders of glycosylation PIGA-CDG* PIGA (X-linked) 311,770 Molecular testing
Congenital disorders of glycosylation PIGM-CDG* PIGM (AR) 83,639 610,273 93,183 Molecular testing
Congenital disorders of glycosylation PIGO-CDG* PIGO (AR) 247,262 614,730 84,720 Molecular testing
Disorders of amino acid metabolism Arginase deficiency (synonym: argininemia) ARG1 (AR) 90 608,313 383

Plasma amino acids

Plasma ammonia

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency ASL (AR) 23 608,310 435

Plasma amino acids

Plasma ammonia

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency (synonym: citrullinemia type 1) ASS1 (AR) 247,525 603,470 445

Plasma amino acids

Plasma ammonia

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Citrin deficiency SLC25A13 (AR) 247,582 603,859 10,165 Plasma amino acids
Disorders of amino acid metabolism Methionine synthase deficiency (synonym: homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia, cblG type) MTR (AR) 2170 156,570 4548 Plasma total homocysteine
Disorders of amino acid metabolism Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency CPS1 (AR) 147 608,307 1373 Plasma amino acids
Disorders of amino acid metabolism Mitochondrial sulfur dioxygenase deficiency (synonym: ethylmalonic encephalopathy) ETHE1 (AR) 51,188 608,451 23,474

Urine organic acids

Plasma acylcarnitines

Molecular testing

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (synonym: glutaric aciduria type 1) GCDH (AR) 25 608,801 2639

Plasma acylcarnitines

Urine organic acids

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Mitochondrial ornithine transporter deficiency (synonym: hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome) SLC25A15 (AR) 415 603,861 10,116

Plasma amino acids

Plasma ammonia

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency (synonym: classic homocystinuria) CBS (AR) 394 613,381 875

Urine organic acids

Plasma total homocysteine

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (synonym: isovaleric acidemia) IVD (AR) 33 607,036 3712

Plasma acylcarnitines

Urine organic acids

Disorders of amino acid metabolism N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency NAGS (AR) 927 608,300 162,417

Plasma amino acids

Plasma ammonia

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Glycine encephalopathy due to aminomethyltransferase (AMT) or glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) deficiency (synonym: nonketotic hyperglycinemia) AMT/GLDC (AR) 407 238,310 (AMT), 238,300 (GLDC) 275 (AMT), 2731 (GLDC)

Plasma amino acids

CSF amino acids

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase E1 alpha (BCKDHA)/beta (BCKDHB)/E2 (DBT) deficiency (synonym: maple syrup urine disease type 1a (BCKDHA)/2 (DBT); Dihydrolipoyl transacylase deficiency (DBT)) BCKDHA/BCKDHB/ DBT (AR) 268,145, 268,162, 268,184 608,348 (BCKDHA), 248,611 (BCKDHB), 248,610 (DBT) 593 (BCKDHA), 594 (BCKDHB), 1629 (DBT) Plasma amino acids
Disorders of amino acid metabolism Methylmalonic aciduria due to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency MMUT (AR) 289,916, 79,312 609,058 4594

Plasma acylcarnitines

Urine organic acids

Blood lactate

Plasma ammonia

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency OTC (X-linked) 664 300,461 5009

Plasma amino acids

Urine organic acids

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (synonym: phenylketonuria) PAH (AR) 79,254 612,349 5053 Plasma amino acids
Disorders of amino acid metabolism 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency PHGDH (AR) 79,351 606,879 26,227

Plasma amino acids

CSF amino acids

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Phosphoserine aminotransferase deficiency PSAT1 (AR) 284,417 610,936 29,968

Plasma amino acids

CSF amino acids

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Propionic acidemia due to propionyl-CoA carboxylase subunit alpha (PCCA)/beta (PCCB) deficiency PCCA/PCCB (AR) 35 232,000 (PCCA), 232,050 (PCCB) 5095 (PCAA), 5096 (PCCB)

Plasma acylcarnitines

Urine organic acids

Blood lactate

Plasma ammonia

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Phosphoserine phosphatase deficiency PSPH (AR) 79,350 172,480 5723

Plasma amino acids

CSF amino acids

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Tyrosine aminotransferase deficiency (synonyms: tyrosinemia type 2; Richner-Hanhart syndrome) TAT (AR) 28,378 613,018 6898

Plasma amino acids

Urine organic acids

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency* BCKDK (AR) 308,410 614,901 10,295 Plasma amino acids
Disorders of amino acid metabolism Carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency CA5A (AR) 401,948 114,761 763

Plasma amino acids

Plasma ammonia

blood lactate

molecular testing

Disorders of amino acid metabolism 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency (synonym: beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA deacylase deficiency)* HIBCH (AR) 88,639 250,620 26,275

Urine organic acids

Molecular testing

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Mitochondrial short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 deficiency* ECHS1 (AR) 255,241 616,277 1892

Urine organic acids

Molecular testing

Disorders of amino acid metabolism S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency* AHCY (AR) 88,618 613,752 191

Plasma amino acids

Plasma total homocysteine

Disorders of amino acid metabolism Glutamine synthetase deficiency* GLUL (AR) 71,278 610,015 2752

Plasma amino acids

CSF amino acids

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism GLUT1 deficiency SLC2A1 (AD) 71,277 138,140 6513 CSF other (CSF:blood glucose ratio)
Disorders of complex molecule degradation Alpha-mannosidase deficiency MAN2B1 (AR) 309,282, 309,288 609,458 4125 Urine oligosaccharides**
Disorders of complex molecule degradation Aspartylglucosaminidase deficiency AGA (AR) 93 613,228 175 Urine oligosaccharides**
Disorders of complex molecule degradation Iduronate sulfatase deficiency (synonym: Hunter syndrome) IDS (X-linked) 217,085 300,823 3423 Urine glycosaminoglycans**
Disorders of complex molecule degradation Alpha-iduronidase deficiency (synonyms: Hurler syndrome [severe]; Scheie syndrome [attenuated]) IDUA (AR) 93,473 252,800 3425 Urine glycosaminoglycans**
Disorders of complex molecule degradation Arylsulfatase A deficiency ARSA (AR) 309,256, 309,263, 309,271 607,574 410 Enzymatic testing (Arylsulfatase A)
Disorders of complex molecule degradation Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1)/C2 (NPC2) NPC1/NPC2 (AR) 646 607,623 (NPC1), 601,015 (NPC2) 4864 (NPC1), 10,577 (NPC2) Plasma (oxy-)sterols
Disorders of complex molecule degradation Beta-glucuronidase deficiency (synonym: Sly syndrome) GUSB (AR) 584 611,499 2990 Urine glycosaminoglycans**
Disorders of complex molecule degradation Tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 deficiency (synonym: CLN2 disease)* TPP1 (AR) 228,349 607,998 1200 Enzymatic testing (Tripeptidyl-peptidase 1)
Disorders of complex molecule degradation Alpha-fucosidase deficiency* FUCA1 (AR) 349 230,000 2517 Urine glycosaminoglycans**
Disorders of complex molecule degradation CLN7 disease* MFSD8 (AR) 228,366 611,124 256,471 Molecular testing
Disorders of energy substrate metabolism Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency GATM (AR) 35,704 602,360 2628 (Plasma/) urine creatine & guanidinoacetate
Disorders of energy substrate metabolism Creatine transporter deficiency SLC6A8 (X-linked) 52,503 300,036 6535 Urine creatine & guanidinoacetate
Disorders of energy substrate metabolism Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency GAMT (AR) 382 601,240 2593 Urine creatine & guanidinoacetate
Disorders of energy substrate metabolism Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha (PDHA1)/beta (PDHB)/E2 (DLAT)/E3 (DLD)/E3BP (PDHX) deficiency PDHA1 (X-linked)/PDHB/DLAT/DLD/PDHX (AR) 79,243 (PDHA1), 255,138 (PDHB), 79,244 (DLAT), 2394 (DLD), 255,182 (PDHX) 300,502 (PDHA1), 179,060 (PDHB), 608,770 (DLAT), 238,331 (DLD), 608,769 (PDHX) 5160 (PDHA1), 5162 (PDHB), 1737 (DLAT), 1738 (DLD), 8050 (PDHX)

CSF other (lactate:pyruvate ratio)

other (blood lactate:pyruvate ratio)

Disorders of energy substrate metabolism Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase deficiency* PDP1 (AR) 79,246 605,993 54,704

Plasma amino acids

Urine organic acids

Disorders of fatty acid, carnitine, and ketone body metabolism Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency ACAT1 (AR) 134 607,809 38 Urine organic acids
Disorders of fatty acid, carnitine, and ketone body metabolism Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha (ETFA)/subunit beta (ETFB)/dehydrogenase deficiency (ETFDH) (synonym: glutaric acidemia type 2A/2B/2C; multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency type 2A/2B/2C) ETFA/ETFB/ETFDH (AR) 26,791 608,053 (ETFA), 130,410 (ETFB), 231,675 (ETFDH) 2108 (ETFA), 2109 (ETFB), 2110 (ETFDH)

Plasma acylcarnitines

Urine organic acids

Disorders of fatty acid, carnitine, and ketone body metabolism 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency HMGCL (AR) 20 613,898 3115 Urine organic acids
Disorders of fatty acid, carnitine, and ketone body metabolism Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase deficiency HMGCS2 (AR) 35,701 600,234 3158 Urine organic acids
Disorders of fatty acid, carnitine, and ketone body metabolism Epsilon-N-trimethyllysine hydroxylase deficiency* TMLHE (X-linked) 300,777 55,217 Plasma acylcarnitines
Disorders of lipid metabolism X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy ABCD1 (X-linked) 139,396, 139,396 300,371 215 Plasma very long chain fatty acids
Disorders of lipid metabolism Sterol 27-hydroxylase deficiency (synonym: cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis) CYP27A1 (AR) 909 606,530 1593 Other (plasma cholestanol)
Disorders of lipid metabolism 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase deficiency DHCR7 (AR) 818 602,858 1717 Plasma (oxy-)sterols
Disorders of mitochondrial cofactor biosynthesis Coenzyme Q5 methyltransferase deficiency COQ5 (AR) 616,359 84,274 Molecular testing***
Disorders of mitochondrial cofactor biosynthesis Coenzyme Q8A (ADCK3) deficiency COQ8A (AR) 139,485 606,980 56,997 Molecular testing
Disorders of nucleobase, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 1 deficiency* IARS1 (AR) 541,423 600,709 3376 Molecular testing
Disorders of nucleobase, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism Leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1 deficiency* LARS1 (AR) 370,088 151,350 51,520 Molecular testing
Disorders of nucleobase, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase subunit beta deficiency* FARSB (AR) 178,506 609,690 10,056 Molecular testing
Disorders of nucleobase, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism Seryl-tRNA synthetase 1 deficiency* SARS1 (AR) 88,616 607,529 6301 Molecular testing
Disorders of nucleobase, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism Methionyl-tRNA synthetase 1 deficiency* MARS1 (AR) 397,735, 401,835, 440,427 156,560 4141 Molecular testing
Disorders of nucleobase, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase deficiency* PRPS1 (X-linked) 1187 311,850 5631 Urine purines & pyrimidines
Disorders of nucleobase, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism CAD trifunctional protein deficiency* CAD (AR) 448,010 114,010 790 Molecular testing
Disorders of peptide and amine metabolism NRF2 superactivity (synonym: immunodeficiency, developmental delay, and hypohomocysteinemia)* NFE2L2 (AD) 600,492 4780 Plasma total homocysteine
Disorders of trace elements and metals Hereditary ceruloplasmin deficiency CP (AR) 48,818 117,700 1356 Copper & ceruloplasmin
Disorders of trace elements and metals Copper-transporting ATPase subunit alpha deficiency (synonyms: Menkes disease [severe]; occipital horn syndrome [milder]) ATP7A (AR) 565 300,011 538 copper & Ceruloplasmin
Disorders of trace elements and metals Copper-transporting ATPase subunit beta deficiency (synonym: Wilson disease) ATP7B (AR) 905 606,882 540 Copper & ceruloplasmin
Disorders of trace elements and metals SLC39A8 deficiency* SLC39A8 (AR) 468,699 608,732 64,116 Other (serum zinc, sialotransferrins, manganese, CSF lactate)
Disorders of trace elements and metals MEDNIK syndrome AP1S1 (AR) 171,851 609,313 1174

Copper & ceruloplasmin

Molecular testing

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Thiamine transporter 2 deficiency (synonym: biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease) SLC19A3 (AR) 65,284, 199,348 606,152 80,704 Molecular testing
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Biotinidase deficiency BTD (AR) 79,241 609,019 686 Enzymatic testing (Biotinidase)
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Folate receptor alpha deficiency (synonym: neurodegeneration due to cerebral folate transport deficiency) FOLR1 (AR) 217,382 136,430 2348 CSF other (methyltetrahydrofolate)
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Methylmalonic aciduria, cblA type MMAA (AR) 79,310 607,481 166,785 Urine organic acids
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Methylmalonic aciduria, cblB type MMAB (AR) 79,311 607,568 326,625 Urine organic acids
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type MMACHC (AR) 79,282 609,831 25,974

Urine organic acids

Plasma total homocysteine

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblD type MMADHC (AR) 79,283 611,935 27,249

urine organic acids

Plasma total homocysteine

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Homocystinuria, cblDv1 type MMADHC (AR) 308,380 611,935 27,249 Plasma total homocysteine
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Methylmalonic aciduria, cblDv2 type MMADHC (AR) 308,442 611,935 27,249 Urine organic acids
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Methionine synthase reductase deficiency (synonym: homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia, cblE type) MTRR (AR) 2169 603,568 4552 Plasma total homocysteine
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblF type LMBRD1 (AR) 79,284 612,625 55,788

Urine organic acids

Plasma total homocysteine

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblJ type* ABCD4 (AR) 369,955 603,214 5826

Urine organic acids

Plasma total homocysteine

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency QDPR (AR) 226 612,676 5860

CSF neurotransmitters

Other (biopterin loading test)

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Autosomal recessive GTP cyclohydrolase 1 deficiency GCH1 (AR) 2102 600,225 2643 CSF neurotransmitters
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency HLCS (AR) 79,242 609,018 3141 Urine organic acids
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate synthase deficiency (synonym: molybdenum cofactor deficiency type A) MOCS1 (AR) 308,386 603,707 4337

Urine purines & pyrimidines

Urine sulfites/S-sulfocysteine, (serum uric acid)

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency MTHFR (AR) 395 607,093 4524

Plasma amino acids

Plasma total homocysteine

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency PTS (AR) 13 612,719 5805

CSF neurotransmitters

Other (biopterin loading test)

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (synonym: pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy) ALDH7A1 (AR) 3006 107,323 501 Other (plasma P6C, urine alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde)
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Sepiapterin reductase deficiency SPR (AR) 70,594 182,125 6697

CSF neurotransmitters

Other (biopterin loading test)

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase deficiency (synonym: 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cycloligase deficiency)* MTHFS (AR) - 604,197 10,588

CSF neurotransmitters

CSF other (tetrahydrofolate & neopterin)

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency DHFR (AR) 319,651 126,060 1719

CSF neurotransmitters

CSF other (tetrahydrofolate)

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter deficiency* SLC5A6 (AR) 604,024 8884 molecular testing
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate oxidase deficiency* PNPO (AR) 79,096 603,287 55,163

CSF amino acids

CSF other (vitamins)

Molecular testing

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Thiamine pyrophosphokinase deficiency* TPK1 (AR) 293,955 614,458 27,010

CSF neurotransmitters

Urine organic acids

Blood lactate

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism NAD(P)HX epimerase deficiency* NAXE (AR) 555,407 608,862 128,240

Molecular testing

Blood lactate

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Mitochondrial thiamine pyrophosphate transporter deficiency* SLC25A19 (AR) 217,396 606,521 60,386 Molecular testing
Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Transcobalamin II deficiency* TCN2 (AR) 859 275,350 6948

Urine organic acids

Plasma total homocysteine

Disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolism Proton-coupled folate transporter deficiency (synonym: hereditary folate malabsorption)* SLC46A1 (AR) 90,045 229,050 113,235

Serum/RBC folate

CSF other (folate)

CSF neurotransmitters

Endocrine metabolic disorders ATP-sensitive potassium channel regulatory/pore-forming subunit superactivity* ABCC8 (AD/AR)/KCNJ11 (AD) 79,134 600,509 6833 Molecular testing
mtDNA-related disorders Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MTTL1/MTTQ/MTTH/MTTK/MTTC/MTTS1/MTND1/MTND5/MTND6/MTTS2) MT-ND1/MT-ND4/MT-ND5/MT-ND6/MT-CO1/MT-CPO2/MT-CO3/ MT-TQ/MT-TH/MT-TL1/MT-TF/MT-TS1/MT-TS2/MT-TW (Mt) 550 516,000 (MT-ND1), 516,003 (MT-ND4), 516,005 (MT-ND5), 516,006 (MT-ND6), 516,030 (MT-CO1), 516,040 (MT-CO2), 516,050 (MT-CO3), 590,030 (MT-TQ), 590,040 (MT-TH), 590,050 (MT-TL1), 590,070 (MT-TF), 590,080 (MT-TS1), 590,085 (MT-TS2), 590,095 (MT-TW) 4535 (MT-ND1), 4536 (MT-ND4), 4540 (MT-ND5), 4541 (MT-ND6), 4512 (MT-CO1), 4513 (MT-CO2), 4514 (MT-CO3), 4572 (MT-TQ), 4574 (MT-TS1), 4578 (MT-TW) Molecular testing blood lactate
Neurotransmitter disorders Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency ALDH5A1 (AR) 22 610,045 7915 Urine organic acids
Neurotransmitter disorders Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency TH (AR) 101,150 191,290 7054 CSF neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter disorders Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 deficiency SLC18A2 (AR) 352,649 193,001 6571 CSF neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter disorders Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency* DDC (AR) 35,708 107,930 1644 CSF neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter disorders Ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA type subunit 1 dysregulation* GRIN1 (AD) - 138,249 2902 Molecular testing
Neurotransmitter disorders Ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA type subunit 2A dysregulation* GRIN2A (AD) 289,266 138,253 2903 Molecular testing
Neurotransmitter disorders Ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA type subunit 2B dysregulation* GRIN2B (AD) - 138,252 2904 Molecular testing
Neurotransmitter disorders Ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA type subunit 2D superactivity* GRIN2D (AD) 442,835 602,717 2906 Molecular testing
Neurotransmitter disorders DNAJC12 deficiency* DNAJC12 (AR) 508,523 617,384 56,521

Plasma amino acids

CSF neurotransmitters

Nuclear-encoded disorders of oxidative phosphorylation ACAD9 deficiency* ACAD9 (AR) 99,901 611,126 28,976 other (muscle OXPHOS)
Other disorders of mitochondrial function Mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier isoform 1 deficiency (synonym: aralar deficiency)* SLC25A12 (AR) 353,217 612,949 8604 Molecular testing
Other disorders of mitochondrial function Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase deficiency* GOT2 (AR) - 138,150 2806

Plasma amino acids

Plasma ammonia

Blood lactate

Names and groups of disorders were based on the most recent International Conference on Inherited Metabolic Disorders (ICIMD) classification. OMIM = Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man®. HPO = Human Phenotype Ontology. Mode of inheritance for each gene is denoted as AD = autosomal dominant; AR = autosomal recessive; X-linked (dominant); Mt = mitochondrial. CSF = cerebrospinal fluid. * = new treatable ID (not included in previous database/review). ** = also identified by targeted enzyme testing. *** = consider white blood cells or muscle tissue CoQ10 analysis