Table 1.
Pollination syndromes and their characteristics (modified from Faegri and van der Pijl 1979 and Rosas-Guerrero et al. 2014).
| Pollination syndrome | Aperture | Color | Odor strength / type | Shape | Orientation | Size / symmetry | Nectar guide / sexual organ | Reward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anemophily / wind | Diurnal; nocturnal | Green whitish | Imperceptible | Brush | Upright | Amorpho | Absent | Absent |
| Cantharophily /beetles | Diurnal; nocturnal | Brown; green; white | Strong /fruity; musky | Dish | Horizontal; upright | Large /radial | Absent/exposed | Food tissue; heat; nectar; pollen |
| Entomophily / insecta | Diurnal; nocturnal | Bright colors | Nectar; pollen | |||||
| Phalaenophily / moths | Nocturnal | White | Moderate; strong / sweet | Bell; brush; tubo | Horizontal; pendent / upright | Medium; large; huge / radial | Absent/ closed | Nectar |
| Melittophily /bees | Diurnal | Blue; pink; purple; white; yellow | Imperceptible; weak /fresh; sweet | Bell; dish; tubo; flag; gullet | Horizontal; pendent; upright | Small; medium; large / bilateral; radial | Absent; present/ closed; exposed | Fragrance; nectar; oil; pollen; resin |
| Myophily / flies | Diurnal | Brown; green; white; yellow | Imperceptible; weak /fruity; sour | Bell; dish | Horizontal; upright | Small / radial | Absent; present / exposed | Nectar; pollen |
| Ornithophily / hummingbirds | Diurnal | Orange; pink; red; yellow | Imperceptible | Brush; tubo; flag; gullet | Horizontal; pendent; upright | Medium; large / bilateral; radial | Absent/exposed | Nectar |
| Psychophily / buterflies and diurnal moths | Diurnal | Blue; orange; pink; red; yellow | Weak / fresh | Bell; brush; tube | Horizontal; upright | Small; medium; large / radial | Absent; present / closed | Nectar |
| Chiropterophily / bats | Nocturnal | Dark red; green; white | Moderate; strong / fruity; musky; sour | Bell; brush; dish; gullet | Horizontal; pendent; upright; (far ground) | Large; huge / bilateral; radial | Absent/exposed | Food tissue; nectar; pollen |
aThe entomophily syndrome is formed by a set of characteristics that characterize flowers attractive to several insects, and it is not possible to determine a particular insect group.