Table 3.
Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection in the study population stratified according to socio-demographic, water contact behaviour and clinical presentation
| Factors | Intensity of infection | χ2 | P value$ | GM egg load/10 ml urine | Range/10 ml urine | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Light % (n) | Heavy % (n) | ||||||
| Health area | |||||||
| Likomba | 60.4 (29) | 39.6 (19) | 0.46 | 0.79 | 25.8 | 2–317 | 0.55b |
| Holforth_Likomba | 60.0 (48) | 40.0 (32) | 26.9 | 2–450 | |||
| Holforth | 65.9 (29) | 34.1 (15) | 36.4 | 2–225 | |||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 59.3 (67) | 40.7 (46) | 0.76 | 0.38 | 29.5 | 2–450 | 0.76a |
| Female | 66.1 (39) | 33.9 (20) | 27.3 | 2–400 | |||
| Age group (years) | |||||||
| 5–14 | 57.6 (72) | 42.4 (53) | 5.57 | 0.13 | 34.4 | 2–450 | 0.02*b |
| 15–24 | 69.0 (20) | 31.0 (9) | 22.2 | 2–330 | |||
| 25–34 | 90.9 (10) | 9.1 (1) | 10.2 | 2–53 | |||
| ≥ 35 | 57.1 (4) | 42.9 (3) | 16.8 | 2–216 | |||
| Level of education | |||||||
| Secondary | 57.0 (49) | 43.0 (37) | 1.53 | 0.21 | 29.4 | 2–317 | 0.65a |
| Primary | 66.3 (57) | 33.7 (29) | 28.1 | 2–450 | |||
| Occupation | |||||||
| Housewife | 80.0 (4) | 20.0 (1) | 3.81 | 0.34 | 25.8 | 9–57 | 0.17b |
| CDC worker | 81.8 (9) | 18.2 (2) | 11.6 | 2–216 | |||
| Student/Pupil | 59.4 (85) | 40.6 (58) | 31.9 | 2–450 | |||
| Business/Civil servant | 75.0 (6) | 25.0 (2) | 17.8 | 3–330 | |||
| Farmer | 40.0 (2) | 60.0 (3) | 24.7 | 2–183 | |||
| Stream activity | |||||||
| Two/more activities | 58.6 (68) | 41.4 (48) | 11.4 | 0.08 | 31.3 | 2–400 | 0.04*b |
| Water collection | 75.0 (6) | 25.0 (2) | 17.1 | 2–450 | |||
| Washing | 81.8 (18) | 18.2 (4) | 25.3 | 5–330 | |||
| Bathing | 53.3 (8) | 46.7 (7) | 31.7 | 3–280 | |||
| Playing/swimming | 33.3 (2) | 66.7 (4) | 55.4 | 7–215 | |||
| Farming/fishing | 0.0 (0) | 100.0 (1) | 54.0 | – | |||
| No contact | 100.0 (4) | 0.0 (0) | 2.9 | 2–4 | |||
| Stream frequency | |||||||
| Daily | 55.2 (80) | 44.8 (65) | 16.37 | 0.001 | 33.8 | 2–450 | < 0.001*b |
| Weekly | 94.1 (16) | 5.9 (1) | 15.6 | 5–51 | |||
| Monthly | 100.0 (6) | 0.0 (0) | 14.5 | 7–34 | |||
| No contact | 100.0 (4) | 0.0 (0) | 2.9 | 2–4 | |||
| Degree of contact | |||||||
| Degree II (≥ 100) | 53.7 (72) | 46.3 (62) | 13.54 | < 0.001 | 35.9 | 2–400 | < 0.001*a |
| Degree I (2–99) | 88.2 (30) | 11.8 (4) | 15.5 | 2–450 | |||
| Microhaematuria | |||||||
| Yes | 50.4 (61) | 49.6 (60) | 21.7 | < 0.001 | 40.1 | 2–450 | < 0.001*a |
| No | 88.2 (45) | 11.8 (6) | 13.0 | 2–280 | |||
| Dysuria | |||||||
| Yes | 85.7 (12) | 14.3 (2) | 3.74 | 0.05 | 22.8 | 2–450 | 0.47 a |
| No | 59.5 (94) | 40.5 (64) | 29.3 | 2–400 | |||
| Frequent urination | |||||||
| Yes | 37.5 (3) | 62.5 (5) | 2.06 | 0.15 | 22.8 | 2–450 | 0.25a |
| No | 62.8 (103) | 37.2 (61) | 29.3 | 2–400 | |||
| Proteinuria | |||||||
| Yes | 48.3 (43) | 51.7 (46) | 13.82 | < 0.001 | 41.2 | 2–450 | < 0.001*a |
| No | 75.9 (63) | 24.1 (20) | 19.5 | 2–280 | |||
GM geometrical mean, CDC Center for Disease Control and Prevention
aDifference in egg load determined by Mann–Whitney U test
bDifference in egg load determined by Kruskal–Wallis test
$Values are from Pearson Chi square test
*Statistically significant P value