Table 4.
Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus in different African countries
| Region | Southern Africa | East Africa | West Africa | North Africa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | South Africa | South Africa | Kenya | Sudan | Nigeria | Nigeria | Tunisia | Egypt |
| Study | Wadee et al.(2007)108 | Budhoo et al.(2018)103 | Genga et al. (2015)104 | Elbagir et al.(2020)107 | Adelowo et al. (2009)100 | Adelowo et al. (2012)a102 | Khanfir et al. (2013)106 | El Hadidi et al. (2018)105 |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Number of participants | 226 | 408 | 100 | 115 | 66 | 95 | 749 | 1,109 |
| Female-to-male ratio | 18.0:1.0 | 10.3:1.0 | 32.3:1.0 | 22:1.0 | 21.0:1.0 | 22.7:1.0 | 9.3:1.0 | 8.7:1.0 |
| Mean (s.d.) age at presentation (years) | 34.0 (12.5) | 32.9 (13.7) | 36.6 (10.7) | 34.9b | 33.0b | 33.4b | 30.7b | 29.2 (11.5) |
| Clinical features (%) | ||||||||
| Arthritis | 70.4 | 80.6 | 90.0 | 85.5 | 87.0 | NR | 87.1 | 76.7 |
| Mucocutaneous manifestations | NR | NR | 78.0 | NR | NR | NR | 81.7 | 78.1 |
| Malar rash | 58.4 | 49.0 | 54.0 | 52.2 | 21.2 | NR | 68.7 | 48.5 |
| Discoid rash | 41.5 | 27.7 | 22.0 | 6.1 | 43.9 | NR | 11.9 | 5.4 |
| Photosensitivity | 38.9 | 67.2 | 44.0 | 53.0 | 9.0 | NR | 67.6 | 45.6 |
| Oral ulcers | 38.5 | 50.0 | 36.0 | 63.5 | 33.0 | NR | 23.3 | 34.5 |
| Haematological manifestations | 52.2 | 74.8 | 67.0 | 17.4 | 47.0c | NR | 81.0 | 55.0 |
| Renal manifestations | 43.8 | 39.2 | 24.0 | 22.8 | 50.0 | NR | 49.5 | 33.1 |
| Neuropsychiatric manifestations | 15.9 | 15.2 | 19.0 | 15.6 | 50.0 | NR | 37.0 | 6.4 |
| Serositis | 18.1 | 19.4 | 28.0 | 24.3 | 25.8 | NR | 49.7 | 32.2 |
| Autoantibodies (%) | ||||||||
| ANA | 99.1 | 96.8 | 82.0 | 96.9 | 98.5 | 95.7 | 98.0 | 96.9 |
| Anti-dsDNA | 55.3 | 45.3 | 52.0 | 35.5 | 53.8 | 54.4 | 77.3 | 79.3 |
| Anti-Sm | 40.7 | 33.8 | NR | 32.3 | 63.6 | 75.7 | 44.8 | 22.5 |
| Anti-RNP | NR | 59.1 | NR | 24.7 | 66.7 | 81.8 | 45.5 | NR |
| Anti-Ro | NR | NR | NR | 45.2d | 46.7 | 69.7 | 56.4 | 20.4 |
| Anti-La | NR | NR | NR | 23.7 | 9.0 | 15.2 | 32.5 | 11.6 |
ANA, antinuclear antibody; dsDNA, double stranded DNA; NR, not reported; RNP, ribonucleoprotein; s.d., standard deviation. aStudy specifically looking at autoantibodies. bs.d. not reported. cAnaemia only. dAnti-Ro60.