Table 4.
Univariate multinominal logistic regression of depression among pregnant women (N=4087).
| Variable | ORua (95% CI) | |||||
|
|
|
|
Mild depression | Moderate depression | Moderately severe depression | Severe depression |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||
|
|
Age (years) | |||||
|
|
|
≤19b | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
|
|
20-25 | 0.94 (0.50-1.77) | 1.21 (0.49-3.00) | 1.31 (0.39-4.44) | 0.63 (0.18-2.21) |
|
|
|
26-30 | 1.08 (0.58-2.00) | 1.21 (0.50-2.96) | 0.88 (0.26-2.96) | 0.36 (0.10-1.23) |
|
|
|
31-35 | 0.97 (0.52-1.81) | 1.06 (0.43-2.61) | 1.19 (0.35-4.02) | 0.37 (0.10-1.31) |
|
|
|
36-40 | 1.05 (0.53-2.06) | 1.14 (0.43-3.00) | 0.79 (0.20-3.04) | 0.47 (0.11-2.00) |
|
|
|
≥41 | 0.38 (0.14-1.07) | 0.88 (0.26-3.03) | 0.58 (0.09-3.75) | 0.59 (0.09-3.76) |
|
|
Education level | |||||
|
|
|
Primary or belowb | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
|
|
Junior secondary | 1.07 (0.65-1.76) | 0.70 (0.40-1.23) | 0.60 (0.17-2.11) | 3.87 (0.52-28.70) |
|
|
|
Senior secondary | 1.40 (0.85-2.30) | 0.85 (0.48-1.50) | 0.52 (0.23-1.19) | 2.90 (0.38-21.91) |
|
|
|
Matriculation | 1.54 (0.94-2.52) | 0.83 (0.47-1.45) | 0.73 (0.33-1.61) | 2.17 (0.29-16.48) |
|
|
|
Undergraduate | 1.61 (0.98-2.65) | 0.81 (0.46-1.44) | 0.52 (0.23-1.19) | 1.87 (0.24-14.52) |
|
|
|
Postgraduate or above | 1.90 (1.01-3.58) | 0.87 (0.39-1.94) | 0.60 (0.17-2.11) | 2.40 (0.21-27.25) |
|
|
Employment | |||||
|
|
|
Unemployed/housewife/studentb | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
|
|
Farmer | 1.01 (0.86-1.18) | 0.96 (0.78-1.18) | 0.72 (0.53-0.96)* | 0.84 (0.54-1.30) |
|
|
|
Employed | 0.87 (0.65-1.18) | 0.98 (0.67-1.45) | 1.16 (0.72-1.88) | 0.99 (0.45-2.18) |
| Pregnancy-related characteristics | ||||||
|
|
Parity | |||||
|
|
|
Nulliparousb | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
|
|
Primiparous | 0.90 (0.77-1.04) | 0.87 (0.71-1.07) | 1.30 (0.97-1.73) | 1.30 (0.84-1.99) |
|
|
|
Multiparous | 0.63 (0.45-0.88)** | 0.89 (0.59-1.34) | 1.59 (0.95-2.67) | 1.31 (0.57-2.99) |
|
|
Gestational age | |||||
|
|
|
First trimester (12 weeks or below)b | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
|
|
Second trimester (13-26 weeks) | 1.00 (0.82-1.22) | 0.95 (0.72-1.25) | 0.94 (0.65-1.36) | 0.75 (0.41-1.38) |
|
|
|
Third trimester (27 weeks or above) | 0.95 (0.79-1.15) | 1.15 (0.89-1.48) | 0.82 (0.58-1.17) | 1.18 (0.70-2.01) |
|
|
Pregnancy-related complications | |||||
|
|
|
Nob | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
|
|
Yes | 1.12 (0.84-1.48) | 1.02 (0.69-1.51) | 1.03 (0.59-1.79) | 0.81 (0.32-2.02) |
| Cognitive and psychological variables | ||||||
|
|
Perceived susceptibility | 1.17 (1.12-1.22)*** | 1.25 (1.18-1.32)*** | 1.26 (1.17-1.37)*** | 1.22 (1.09-1.38)** | |
|
|
Perceived severity | 1.14 (1.10-1.18)*** | 1.20 (1.15-1.26)*** | 1.22 (1.14-1.31)*** | 1.52 (1.34-1.72)*** | |
|
|
Perceived impact | 1.14 (1.06-1.22)** | 1.20 (1.09-1.33)*** | 1.32 (1.16-1.51)*** | 1.13 (0.92-1.39) | |
|
|
Self-efficacy | 1.01 (0.97-1.05) | 0.96 (0.91-1.02) | 0.89 (0.82-0.96)* | 0.90 (0.80-1.01) | |
|
|
Fear | 1.46 (1.33-1.60)*** | 1.86 (1.65-2.10)*** | 2.10 (1.78-2.49)*** | 2.12 (1.66-2.71)*** | |
|
|
Worry | 1.09 (1.07-1.12) | 1.15 (1.12-1.19) | 1.20 (1.15-1.26) | 1.41 (1.29-1.53) | |
aORu: odds ratio derived from univariate multinominal logistic regression.
bReference category.
*P<.05.
**P<.01.
***P<.001.